Msika wowunikira padziko lonse lapansi wasintha kwambiri chifukwa chakukula kwambiri kwaukadaulo wamagetsi otulutsa magetsi (LED).Kusintha kwamphamvu kwa state state lighting (SSL) kudasinthiratu chuma chamsika komanso kusinthika kwamakampani.Sikuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zokolola idathandizidwa ndi ukadaulo wa SSL, kusintha kuchokera kuukadaulo wamba kupita ku Kuwala kwa LED ikusintha kwambiri momwe anthu amaganiziranso za kuyatsa.Ukadaulo wowunikira wamba adapangidwa makamaka kuti akwaniritse zosowa zowoneka.Ndi kuyatsa kwa LED, kukondoweza kwabwino kwachilengedwe kwa kuyatsa kwachilengedwe paumoyo ndi moyo wa anthu kukukopa chidwi.Kubwera kwaukadaulo wa LED kudapangitsanso njira yolumikizirana pakati pa kuyatsa ndi magetsi Intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT), zomwe zimatsegula dziko latsopano la zotheka.M'mbuyomu, pakhala pali chisokonezo chachikulu pakuwunikira kwa LED.Kukula kwakukulu kwa msika komanso chidwi chachikulu cha ogula kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kothetsa kukayikira kozungulira ukadaulo ndikudziwitsa anthu zabwino ndi zovuta zake.

Nditani?es LEDntchito?

LED ndi phukusi la semiconductor lomwe lili ndi LED die (chip) ndi zigawo zina zomwe zimapereka chithandizo chamakina, kugwirizana kwa magetsi, kutentha kwa kutentha, kuwala kwa kuwala, ndi kutembenuka kwa mafunde.Chip cha LED kwenikweni ndi chipangizo cha pn junction chomwe chimapangidwa ndi zigawo zotsutsana za semiconductor.Semiconductor yapawiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi gallium nitride (GaN) yomwe ili ndi malire achindunji omwe amalola kuti pakhale mwayi wolumikizananso ndi ma radiation kuposa ma semiconductors omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwa bandi kosalunjika.Pamene mphambano ya pn imakondera kutsogolo, ma elekitironi ochokera ku gulu la conduction la n-mtundu wa semiconductor wosanjikiza amasuntha kudutsa malirewo kupita ku p-junction ndikugwirizanitsanso ndi mabowo ochokera ku gulu la valence la p-mtundu wa semiconductor wosanjikiza mu chigawo chogwira ntchito cha diode.Kuphatikizikako kwa electron-hole kumapangitsa kuti ma electron agwere m'malo otsika mphamvu ndikumasula mphamvu zowonjezera monga photons (mapaketi a kuwala).Izi zimatchedwa electroluminescence.Photon imatha kunyamula ma radiation a electromagnetic amitundu yonse.Kutalika kwenikweni kwa kuwala komwe kumachokera ku diode kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyana kwa gulu lamphamvu la semiconductor.

Kuwala kopangidwa ndi electroluminescence mu Chip cha LEDili ndi kugawa kwakutali kocheperako komwe kumakhala ndi bandwidth wamba ma nanometers makumi angapo.Kutulutsa kwamtundu wocheperako kumapangitsa kuwala kukhala ndi mtundu umodzi monga wofiira, buluu kapena wobiriwira.Kuti mupereke kuwala koyera kowoneka bwino, m'lifupi mwagawo lamphamvu la spectral power distribution (SPD) la chipangizo cha LED kuyenera kukulitsidwa.Electroluminescence yochokera ku LED chip imasinthidwa pang'ono kapena kwathunthu kudzera mu photoluminescence mu phosphors.Ma LED oyera ambiri amaphatikiza kutulutsa kwakanthawi kochepa kwa mafunde amtundu wa InGaN buluu komanso kuwala kotalikirapo kochokera ku phosphors.Phosphor ufa amamwazikana mu silicon, epoxy matrix kapena matrix ena utomoni.Phosphor yomwe ili ndi matrix imakutidwa pa chipangizo cha LED.Kuwala koyera kumatha kupangidwanso popopa ma phosphor ofiira, obiriwira ndi abuluu pogwiritsa ntchito ultraviolet (UV) kapena violet LED chip.Pankhaniyi, zoyera zomwe zimatuluka zimatha kukwaniritsa mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri.Koma njira iyi imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri chifukwa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutalika kwa mafunde komwe kumakhudzidwa ndi kutembenuka kwa UV kapena kuwala kwa violet kumatsagana ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya Stokes.

Ubwino waKuwala kwa LED

Kupangidwa kwa nyale zaka 100 zapitazo kunasintha kwambiri kuunikira kopanga.Pakalipano, tikuwona kusintha kwa kuyatsa kwa digito komwe SSL imathandizidwa.Kuunikira kochokera ku semiconductor sikungopereka kapangidwe kake, magwiridwe antchito ndi phindu lazachuma, komanso kumathandizira kuchulukira kwazinthu zatsopano komanso malingaliro amtengo wapatali omwe poyamba ankaganiziridwa kuti sangagwire ntchito.Kubwerera kuchokera pakukolola zabwino izi kudzaposa mtengo wokwera wapatsogolo woyika makina a LED, pomwe pamakhala kukayikira pamsika.

1. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi

Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zosamukira ku kuyatsa kwa LED ndikuwongolera mphamvu.Pazaka khumi zapitazi, mphamvu zowoneka bwino zamaphukusi oyera a phosphor otembenuzidwa ndi phosphor zawonjezeka kuchoka pa 85 lm/W kufika pa 200 lm/W, zomwe zikuyimira mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu yamagetsi kupita ku optical (PCE) yopitilira 60%, pakugwiritsa ntchito pano. osalimba 35 A/cm2.Ngakhale kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a InGaN blue LEDs, phosphors (kuchita bwino ndi mawonekedwe a kutalika kwa mawonekedwe a maso a munthu) ndi phukusi (kubalalika kwa kuwala / kuyamwa), US department of Energy (DOE) imati patsala mutu wa PC-LED. kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndi kuwala kowala pafupifupi 255 lm/W kuyenera kukhala kotheka mapampu a buluu a LED.Kuwala kowala kwambiri mosakayikira kumapindulitsa kwambiri ma LED kuposa magwero anthawi zonse a nyali - incandescent (mpaka 20 lm/W), halogen (mpaka 22 lm/W), liniya fulorosenti (65-104 lm/W), compact fulorosenti (46) -87 lm/W), fluorescent induction (70-90 lm/W), mercury nthunzi (60-60 lm/W), high pressure sodium (70-140 lm/W), quartz metal halide (64-110 lm/ W), ndi ceramic metal halide (80-120 lm/W).

2. Optical yobereka bwino

Kupitilira pakusintha kwakukulu pakuchita bwino kwa gwero la kuwala, kuthekera kokwaniritsa kuwala kowala kwambiri ndi kuyatsa kwa LED sikudziwika bwino kwa ogula wamba koma kumafunidwa kwambiri ndi opanga zowunikira.Kutumiza kogwira mtima kwa kuwala komwe kumaperekedwa ndi magwero a kuwala kwa cholinga chakhala vuto lalikulu la mapangidwe pamakampani.Nyali zachikale zooneka ngati babu zimatulutsa kuwala kumbali zonse.Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kochuluka kopangidwa ndi nyali kutsekeredwe mkati mwa nyali (mwachitsanzo ndi zowunikira, zoyatsira), kapena kuthawa kuchokera ku zounikira kulowera komwe sikuli kothandiza pakugwiritsa ntchito kapena kukhumudwitsa diso.Zounikira za HID monga zitsulo za halide ndi sodium yothamanga kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 60% mpaka 85% zowongolera pakuwongolera kuwala kopangidwa ndi nyali yotuluka mu nyali.Si zachilendo kuti zowunikira zocheperako komanso ma troffers omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nyali za fulorosenti kapena halogen amatha kutaya 40-50% ya kuwala.Mayendedwe a kuyatsa kwa LED amalola kuti kuwalako kuperekedwe bwino, ndipo mawonekedwe ophatikizika a ma LED amalola kuwongolera bwino kwa kuwala kowala pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi apawiri.Makina owunikira opangidwa bwino a LED amatha kupereka kuwala kopitilira 90%.

3. Kuwala kofanana

Kuunikira kofanana ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga m'nyumba zozungulira komanso zakunja / zowunikira pamsewu.Uniformity ndi muyeso wa ubale wa kuunikira kwa dera.Kuunikira kwabwino kuyenera kuwonetsetsa kufalikira kofanana kwa zochitika za lumens pamalo ogwirira ntchito kapena malo.Kuwala kokulirapo komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kuwunikira kosafanana kungayambitse kutopa kwa maso, kusokoneza momwe ntchito ikuyendera komanso kuwonetsa nkhawa zachitetezo chifukwa diso limayenera kusinthana pakati pa mawonekedwe a kuwala kosiyana.Kusintha kuchokera ku malo owala kwambiri kupita ku kuwala kosiyana kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe, komwe kumakhala ndi chitetezo chachikulu pamapulogalamu apanja pomwe magalimoto amakhudzidwa.M'zipinda zazikulu zamkati, kuunikira kofananako kumathandizira kuti pakhale chitonthozo chowoneka bwino, kumapangitsa kusinthasintha kwa malo ogwirira ntchito ndikuchotsa kufunikira kosuntha zounikira.Izi zitha kukhala zopindulitsa makamaka m'mafakitale apamwamba komanso mabizinesi omwe amawononga ndalama zambiri komanso zosokoneza pakusuntha zounikira.Zounikira zogwiritsira ntchito nyali za HID zimakhala ndi zounikira zapamwamba kwambiri pansi pa nyaliyo kusiyana ndi madera akutali kwambiri ndi nyaliyo.Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusafanana bwino (chiwerengero cha max/mphindi 6:1).Opanga zowunikira amayenera kukulitsa kachulukidwe kazinthu kuti awonetsetse kuti kuwalako kumakwaniritsa zofunikira zochepa zopanga.Mosiyana ndi izi, kuwala kwakukulu (LES) komwe kumapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu ang'onoang'ono a LED kumatulutsa kuwala kofanana ndi 3: 1 max / min ratio, zomwe zimatanthawuza ku maonekedwe akuluakulu komanso chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri. za kukhazikitsa pamalo ogwirira ntchito.

4. Kuunikira kolunjika

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo opangira katulutsidwe komanso kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka flux, ma LED amakhala oyenerera kuwunikira kolowera.Chounikira cholozera chimayang'ana kuwala komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi gwero la kuwala kukuwala kolunjika komwe kumayenda mosadukiza kuchokera ku nyali kupita kudera lomwe mukufuna.Kuwala koyang'ana pang'ono kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mawonekedwe ofunikira pogwiritsa ntchito kusiyanitsa, kupanga mawonekedwe kuti atuluke kumbuyo, ndikuwonjezera chidwi ndi chidwi pa chinthu.Zounikira zama Directional, kuphatikiza zowunikira ndi zowunikira, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri powunikira kamvekedwe ka mawu kuti akweze kutchuka kapena kuwunikira chinthu chapangidwe.Kuunikira kolowera kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'malo omwe mtengo wamphamvu umafunika kuti uthandizire kukwaniritsa ntchito zowoneka bwino kapena zowunikira zazitali.Zogulitsa zomwe zimathandizira izi zimaphatikizapo tochi,zowunikira, madontho,magetsi oyendetsa galimoto, magetsi oyendetsa masewera, etc. Nyali ya LED imatha kunyamula nkhonya yokwanira pakutulutsa kwake, kaya kupanga mtengo wodziwika bwino "wolimba" wa sewero lapamwamba ndi Ma LED a COBkapena kuponyera mtengo wautali patali ndima LED amphamvu kwambiri.

5. Kujambula kwazithunzi

Ukadaulo wa LED umapereka kuthekera kwatsopano kuwongolera kugawa kwamagetsi kwamagetsi amagetsi (SPD), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mawonekedwe a kuwala atha kupangidwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.Kuwongolera kwa Spectral kumapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe a zinthu zowunikira apangidwe kuti azitha kuyang'ana pazithunzi za anthu, zakuthupi, zamaganizo, zamtundu wa photoreceptor, kapenanso ma semiconductor detector (ie, HD kamera) mayankho, kapena kuphatikiza kwa mayankho otere.Kuchita bwino kwambiri kowoneka bwino kumatha kutheka kudzera pakukulitsa mafunde omwe mukufuna ndikuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa zowononga kapena zosafunikira za sipekitiramu pakugwiritsa ntchito.Mukugwiritsa ntchito kuwala koyera, ma SPD a ma LED amatha kukonzedwa kuti akhale odalirika amtundu komansokutentha kwamtundu wogwirizana (CCT).Ndi mawonekedwe amitundu yambiri, ma emitter ambiri, mtundu wopangidwa ndi luminaire wa LED ukhoza kuyendetsedwa mwachangu komanso moyenera.Makina osakaniza a RGB, RGBA kapena RGBW omwe amatha kupanga kuwala kokwanira kumapanga mwayi wopanda malire wokongoletsa kwa opanga ndi omanga.Makina oyera amphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito ma multi-CCT ma LED kuti apereke kuwala kotentha komwe kumatengera mawonekedwe amitundu ya nyali zoyatsira moto zikazimiririka, kapena kupereka zowunikira zoyera zomwe zimalola kuwongolera kodziyimira pawokha kutentha kwamitundu ndi kulimba kwa kuwala.Kuunikira kwapakati pa anthukutengera tekinoloje yoyera ya LED yosinthikandi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidayambitsa chitukuko chaukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri.

6. Kuyatsa / kuzimitsa kusintha

Ma LED amabwera pakuwala kwathunthu pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo (mu digito imodzi mpaka makumi a nanoseconds) ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yozimitsa makumi a nanoseconds.Mosiyana ndi izi, nthawi yotenthetsera, kapena nthawi yomwe babu imatenga kuti ifike ku kuwala kwake, nyali zophatikizika za fulorosenti zimatha mpaka mphindi zitatu.Nyali za HID zimafuna nthawi yofunda kwa mphindi zingapo musanapereke kuwala koyenera.Kuwombera kotentha kumakhala kodetsa nkhawa kwambiri kuposa kuyambika koyamba kwa nyali zachitsulo za halide zomwe kale zinali ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri kuyatsa kwapamwambandi mkulu mphamvu floodlightingmu mafakitale,ma stadium ndi mabwalo.Kuzimitsidwa kwa magetsi pamalo okhala ndi zitsulo za halide kungayambitse kusokoneza chitetezo ndi chitetezo chifukwa njira yowotcha ya nyali yachitsulo ya halide imatenga mphindi 20.Kuyambitsa pompopompo komanso kuyambiranso kotentha kumabwereketsa ma LED pamalo apadera kuti agwire bwino ntchito zambiri.Osati ntchito zowunikira wamba zomwe zimapindula kwambiri ndi nthawi yayifupi yoyankha ya ma LED, mitundu ingapo yamapulogalamu apadera ikukololanso izi.Mwachitsanzo, nyali za LED zitha kugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi makamera apamsewu kuti apereke kuyatsa kwakanthawi kojambula galimoto yoyenda.Ma LED amasintha ma milliseconds 140 mpaka 200 mwachangu kuposa nyali za incandescent.Ubwino wa nthawi yochitirapo kanthu ukuwonetsa kuti nyali za mabuleki a LED ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa nyali za incandescent popewa kugundana kwapambuyo.Ubwino wina wa ma LED pakusintha magwiridwe antchito ndikusintha kozungulira.Kutalika kwa moyo wa ma LED sikukhudzidwa ndi kusintha pafupipafupi.Madalaivala amtundu wa LED pamagetsi onse amavotera maulendo 50,000, ndipo sizachilendo kuti madalaivala a LED azitha kupirira 100,000, 200,000, kapena 1 miliyoni.Moyo wa LED sukhudzidwa ndi kuyendetsa njinga mwachangu (kusintha pafupipafupi).Izi zimapangitsa nyali za LED kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi kuyatsa kwamphamvu komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zowongolera zowunikira monga kukhalamo kapena masensa a masana.Kumbali ina, kuyatsa / kuzimitsa pafupipafupi kumatha kufupikitsa moyo wa nyali za incandescent, HID, ndi fulorosenti.Magwero owunikirawa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi masauzande ochepa chabe akusinthana pa moyo wawo womwe adavotera.

7. Kutha kwa mphamvu

Kuthekera kopanga kutulutsa kowala m'njira yosunthika kwambiri kumapereka ma LED mwangwirodimming control, pomwe nyali za fulorosenti ndi HID sizimayankha bwino pakuthima.Nyali zocheperako zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mabwalo okwera mtengo, akulu komanso ovuta kuti asunge kutentha kwa gasi ndi momwe magetsi amakhalira.Dimming HID nyali kumabweretsa moyo waufupi ndi kulephera kwa nyali msanga.Metal halide ndi nyali zothamanga kwambiri za sodium sizingathe kuzimitsidwa pansi pa 50% ya mphamvu yovotera.Amayankhanso kuzizindikiro zocheperako pang'onopang'ono kuposa ma LED.Kuwala kwa LED kumatha kupangidwa mwina kudzera mukuchepetsa kwanthawi zonse (CCR), komwe kumadziwika bwino kuti dimming ya analogi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pulse wide modulation (PWM) ku LED, AKA digito dimming.Dimming ya analogi imayang'anira kuyendetsa komwe kukuyenda kupita ku ma LED.Iyi ndiye njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunikira kowunikira, ngakhale ma LED sangagwire bwino pamafunde otsika kwambiri (pansi pa 10%).Dimming ya PWM imasiyanasiyana kusinthasintha kwa ntchito ya kusinthasintha kwa pulse width kuti ipange mtengo wapakati pazomwe zimatuluka pamtunda wathunthu kuchokera ku 100% mpaka 0%.Kuwongolera kocheperako kwa ma LED kumathandizira kuyatsa kuwunikira ndi zosowa za anthu, kukulitsa kupulumutsa mphamvu, kupangitsa kusakanikirana kwamitundu ndikusintha kwa CCT, ndikukulitsa moyo wa LED.

8. Kuwongolera

Mawonekedwe a digito a ma LED amathandizira kuphatikiza kosasinthika kwa masensa, mapurosesa, owongolera, ndi maukonde olumikizirana ndi ma netiweki kukhala makina owunikira kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowunikira zowunikira, kuyambira pakuwunikira kwamphamvu ndi kuyatsa kosinthika mpaka chilichonse chomwe IoT imabweretsa.Kuwunikira kwa LED kumayambira pakusintha kwamitundu kupita ku kuwala kowoneka bwino kumawonetsa mazana kapena masauzande a zounikira zomwe zimatha kuwongoleredwa payekhapayekha komanso kumasulira kovutirapo kwa makanema kuti aziwonetsedwa pamakina a LED.Ukadaulo wa SSL uli pakatikati pa chilengedwe chachikulu cha zolumikizidwa zowunikirazomwe zimatha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yokolola masana, kuzindikira komwe kumakhala, kuwongolera nthawi, kukhazikika kwadongosolo, ndi zida zolumikizidwa ndi netiweki kuti ziwongolere, kuwongolera ndi kukhathamiritsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za kuyatsa.Kusamutsira kuyatsa kumayendedwe ozikidwa pa IP kumalola makina owunikira anzeru, okhala ndi sensa kuti agwirizane ndi zida zina mkati. Ma network a IoT.Izi zimatsegula mwayi wopanga mautumiki atsopano, maubwino, magwiridwe antchito, ndi njira zopezera ndalama zomwe zimakulitsa mtengo wamagetsi owunikira a LED.Kuwongolera kwa magetsi a LED kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mawaya osiyanasiyana komansokuyankhulana opanda zingwema protocol, kuphatikiza ma protocol oyang'anira kuyatsa monga 0-10V, DALI, DMX512 ndi DMX-RDM, kupanga ma protocol odzipangira okha monga BACnet, LON, KNX ndi EnOcean, ndi ma protocol omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga ma mesh omwe akuchulukirachulukira (mwachitsanzo ZigBee, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Mesh, Ulusi).

9. Design kusinthasintha

Kukula kwakung'ono kwa ma LED kumalola opanga ma fixture kupanga magwero owunikira kukhala mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe oyenerera ntchito zambiri.Maonekedwe owoneka bwinowa amapatsa mphamvu opanga kukhala ndi ufulu wambiri wofotokozera malingaliro awo apangidwe kapena kulemba zilembo zamtundu.Kusinthasintha kochokera pakuphatikizana kwachindunji kwa magwero owunikira kumapereka mwayi wopanga zinthu zowunikira zomwe zimanyamula kuphatikizika kwabwino pakati pa mawonekedwe ndi ntchito.Zowunikira za LEDikhoza kupangidwa kuti isokoneze malire pakati pa mapangidwe ndi luso lazogwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe malo okongoletsera amalamulidwa.Zitha kupangidwanso kuti zithandizire kuphatikizika kwapamwamba kwa zomangamanga ndikuphatikiza muzolemba zilizonse.Kuunikira kwamphamvu kumapangitsanso mapangidwe atsopano m'magawo ena.Kuthekera kwa masitayelo mwapadera kumalola opanga magalimoto kuti apange nyali zakutsogolo ndi zowunikira zapadera zomwe zimapatsa magalimoto mawonekedwe osangalatsa.

10. Kukhalitsa

Nyali ya LED imatulutsa kuwala kuchokera ku chipika cha semiconductor-osati kuchokera ku babu lagalasi kapena chubu, monga momwe zimakhalira mu nyali za incandescent, halogen, fulorosenti, ndi HID zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito filaments kapena mpweya kuti apange kuwala.Zida zolimba za boma nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa pa bolodi lachitsulo losindikizidwa (MCPCB), lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi ma soldered lead.Palibe magalasi osalimba, osasunthika, komanso kusweka kwa ulusi, makina owunikira a LED amalimbana kwambiri ndi kugwedezeka, kugwedezeka, ndi kuvala.Kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwa machitidwe owunikira a LED kumakhala ndi zowoneka bwino pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.M'malo opangira mafakitale, pali malo omwe magetsi amavutika ndi kugwedezeka kwakukulu kuchokera pamakina akulu.Zounikira zoyikidwa m'mphepete mwa misewu ndi ngalande ziyenera kugwedezeka mobwerezabwereza chifukwa cha magalimoto olemera omwe amadutsa pa liwiro lalikulu.Kugwedezeka kumapanga tsiku lomwe limagwira ntchito lamagetsi okhazikika pamagalimoto omanga, migodi ndi zaulimi, makina ndi zida.Zounikira zonyamulika monga tochi ndi nyali za msasa nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi kugwa.Palinso ntchito zambiri zomwe nyali zosweka zimakhala zoopsa kwa okhalamo.Mavuto onsewa amafunikira njira yowunikira yowunikira, zomwe ndizomwe kuunikira kolimba kungapereke.

11. Moyo wazinthu

Utali wamoyo umawoneka ngati umodzi mwamaubwino apamwamba pakuwunikira kwa LED, koma zonena za moyo wautali zochokera pamlingo wamoyo wonse wa phukusi la LED (gwero lowala) zitha kusokeretsa.Moyo wothandiza wa phukusi la LED, nyali ya LED, kapena nyali za LED (zowunikira) nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa ngati nthawi yomwe kutulutsa kowala kwatsika mpaka 70% ya kutulutsa kwake koyamba, kapena L70.Nthawi zambiri, ma LED (maphukusi a LED) amakhala ndi moyo wa L70 pakati pa maola 30,000 ndi 100,000 (pa Ta = 85 °C).Komabe, miyeso ya LM-80 yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulosera moyo wa L70 wa mapaketi a LED pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya TM-21 imatengedwa ndi mapaketi a LED omwe akugwira ntchito mosalekeza pansi pazikhalidwe zoyendetsedwa bwino (mwachitsanzo, m'malo olamulidwa ndi kutentha komanso kuperekedwa ndi DC yokhazikika. drive current).Mosiyana ndi izi, machitidwe a LED m'mapulogalamu enieni apadziko lonse lapansi nthawi zambiri amatsutsidwa ndi kupsinjika kwamagetsi kwakukulu, kutentha kwakukulu kwa mphambano, komanso kuopsa kwa chilengedwe.Makina a LED amatha kukhala ndi kuwongolera kofulumira kwa lumen kapena kulephera msanga.Mwambiri,Nyali za LED (mababu, machubu)kukhala ndi moyo wa L70 pakati pa maola 10,000 ndi 25,000, zounikira zophatikizika za LED (monga ma bay bay, magetsi a mumsewu, zounikira pansi) amakhala ndi moyo pakati pa maola 30,000 ndi ma 60,000.Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zowunikira zachikhalidwe - incandescent (750-2,000 hours), halogen (3,000-4,000 hours), compact fluorescent (8,000-10,000 hours), ndi metal halide (7,500-25,000 hours), LED systems, makamaka zowunikira zophatikizika, kupereka moyo wautali wautumiki.Popeza nyali za LED sizifunikira chisamaliro chilichonse, kuchepetsedwa kwa ndalama zokonzetsera limodzi ndi kupulumutsa mphamvu kwamphamvu kogwiritsa ntchito nyali za LED pa nthawi yayitali ya moyo wawo kumapereka maziko obweza ndalama zambiri (ROI).

12. Chitetezo cha Photobiological

Ma LED ndi magwero otetezeka a kuwala kwa photobiologically.Satulutsa mpweya wa infrared (IR) ndipo amatulutsa kuwala kocheperako kwa ultraviolet (UV) (osakwana 5 uW/lm).Nyali za incandescent, fulorosenti, ndi zitsulo za halide zimatembenuza 73%, 37%, ndi 17% yamagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala mphamvu ya infrared, motsatana.Amatulutsanso kudera la UV la ma electromagnetic spectrum—incandescent (70-80 uW/lm), compact fulorescent (30-100 uW/lm), ndi metal halide (160-700 uW/lm).Pakuchuluka kokwanira, zowunikira zomwe zimatulutsa kuwala kwa UV kapena IR zitha kukhala zowopsa pakhungu ndi maso.Kuwonetsedwa ndi kuwala kwa UV kungayambitse ng'ala (kutsika kwa mandala owoneka bwino) kapena photokeratitis (kutupa kwa cornea).Kuwonekera kwakanthawi kochepa kwa ma radiation a IR kumatha kuvulaza retina ya diso.Kuwonetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali ku milingo yayikulu ya radiation ya infrared kungayambitse ng'ala ya magalasi.Kusasangalatsa kwamafuta komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyatsa kwa incandescent kwakhala kokhumudwitsa kwanthawi yayitali pantchito yazaumoyo chifukwa magetsi opangira opaleshoni wamba komanso magetsi opangira mano amagwiritsa ntchito nyali za incandescent kuti apange kuwala kowoneka bwino kwambiri.Dothi lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe limapangidwa ndi zowunikirazi limapereka mphamvu zambiri zotentha zomwe zingapangitse odwala kukhala omasuka.

Mosapeweka, zokambirana zachitetezo cha photobiologicalNthawi zambiri imayang'ana kuwopsa kwa kuwala kwa buluu, komwe kumatanthawuza kuwonongeka kwa chithunzi cha retina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwala kwa mafunde pamafunde makamaka pakati pa 400 nm ndi 500 nm.Lingaliro lolakwika lodziwika bwino ndikuti ma LED atha kukhala oyambitsa ngozi ya buluu chifukwa ma phosphor ambiri otembenuzidwa ma LED oyera amagwiritsa ntchito pampu ya buluu ya LED.DOE ndi IES awonetsa momveka bwino kuti zida za LED sizosiyana ndi zowunikira zina zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kwamtundu womwewo pokhudzana ndi kuopsa kwa kuwala kwa buluu.Ma LED otembenuzidwa a phosphor sakhala pachiwopsezo chotere ngakhale atayesedwa kwambiri.

13. Mphamvu ya radiation

Ma LED amatulutsa mphamvu yowala mkati mwa gawo lowoneka bwino la ma electromagnetic spectrum kuchokera pafupifupi 400 nm mpaka 700 nm.Mawonekedwe owoneka bwinowa amapatsa magetsi a LED mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kuposa magwero owunikira omwe amatulutsa mphamvu zowunikira kunja kwa sipekitiramu yowoneka bwino.Ma radiation a UV ndi IR ochokera ku nyali zachikhalidwe sikuti amangobweretsa zoopsa za Photobiological, komanso kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu.Ma radiation a UV amawononga kwambiri zinthu zachilengedwe monga mphamvu ya photon ya radiation mu gulu la UV spectral ndi yokwera mokwanira kuti ipangitse njira zachindunji ndi ma photooxidation.Kusokonezeka kapena kuwonongeka kwa chromophor kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zinthu ndi kusinthika.Ntchito zosungiramo nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zimafuna kuti zowunikira zonse zomwe zimapanga UV wopitilira 75 uW/lm zisefedwe pofuna kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kosasinthika kwa zojambula.IR siyambitsa mtundu womwewo wa kuwonongeka kwa chithunzithunzi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwala kwa UV koma kumatha kuwononga.Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa chinthu kungapangitse kuti mankhwala azigwira ntchito mofulumira komanso kusintha kwa thupi.Ma radiation a IR pamphamvu kwambiri amatha kuyambitsa kuuma kwa pamwamba, kusinthika kwamitundu ndi kusweka kwa zojambula, kuwonongeka kwa zodzikongoletsera, kuyanika masamba ndi zipatso, kusungunuka kwa chokoleti ndi confectionery, ndi zina zambiri.

14. Chitetezo cha moto ndi kuphulika

Zowopsa zamoto ndi zowonekera sizomwe zimawunikira machitidwe owunikira a LED monga LED imatembenuza mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala ma radiation a electromagnetic kudzera mu electroluminescence mkati mwa phukusi la semiconductor.Izi ndizosiyana ndi matekinoloje omwe amapangidwa kale omwe amapanga kuwala powotcha ma tungsten filaments kapena kusangalatsa sing'anga ya mpweya.Kulephera kapena kugwira ntchito molakwika kungayambitse moto kapena kuphulika.Nyali za Metal halide ndizosavuta kuphulika chifukwa chubu cha quartz arc chimagwira ntchito mwamphamvu (520 mpaka 3,100 kPa) komanso kutentha kwambiri (900 mpaka 1,100 ° C).Non-passive arc chubu zolephera chifukwa cha kutha kwa moyo wa nyali, chifukwa cha kulephera kwa ballast kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kosayenera kwa nyali-ballast kungayambitse kusweka kwa babu akunja a nyali yachitsulo ya halide.Zidutswa zotentha za quartz zimatha kuyatsa zinthu zoyaka, fumbi loyaka kapena mpweya wophulika / nthunzi.

15. Kulankhulana kowoneka bwino (VLC)

Ma LED amatha kuyatsa ndikuzimitsa pafupipafupi mwachangu kuposa momwe diso lamunthu limawonera.Kuthekera kosawoneka kotsegula / kuzimitsa kumatsegula pulogalamu yatsopano yazinthu zowunikira.LiFi (Light Fidelity) ukadaulo walandira chidwi kwambiri mumakampani olumikizirana opanda zingwe.Imagwiritsa ntchito ma "ON" ndi "OFF" ma LED kuti atumize deta.Poyerekeza njira zamakono zoyankhulirana zopanda zingwe zogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a wailesi (mwachitsanzo, Wi-Fi, IrDA, ndi Bluetooth), LiFi imalonjeza bandwidth kuchulukitsa chikwi ndi liwiro lalikulu kwambiri lotumizira.LiFi imatengedwa ngati ntchito yosangalatsa ya IoT chifukwa cha kuwunikira kulikonse.Kuwala kulikonse kwa LED kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yolumikizirana ndi ma waya opanda zingwe, bola ngati dalaivala wake amatha kusintha zomwe zikukhamukira kukhala ma sign a digito.

16. DC kuyatsa

Ma LED ndi magetsi otsika, zipangizo zamakono.Mkhalidwe uwu umalola kuyatsa kwa LED kutengerapo mwayi pamagetsi otsika amagetsi owongolera magetsi (DC).Pali chidwi chochulukirachulukira pamakina a DC microgrid omwe amatha kugwira ntchito modziyimira pawokha kapena molumikizana ndi gululi wamba.Ma gridi ang'onoang'ono amagetsiwa amapereka njira zolumikizirana bwino ndi ma jenereta ongowonjezwdwa (solar, mphepo, cell cell, etc.).Mphamvu za DC zomwe zimapezeka kwanuko zimathetsa kufunika kosinthira magetsi pazida za AC-DC zomwe zimaphatikizapo kutayika kwamphamvu kwambiri ndipo ndizovuta zomwe zimachitika pamakina a LED oyendetsedwa ndi AC.Kuwunikira kwakukulu kwa LED kumapangitsanso kudziyimira pawokha kwa mabatire omwe amatha kuchangidwanso kapena makina osungira mphamvu.Pamene kulankhulana kwapaintaneti kochokera ku IP kukuchulukirachulukira, Mphamvu pa Ethernet (PoE) idawonekera ngati njira yotsika yamphamvu ya microgrid yoperekera mphamvu ya DC yamagetsi otsika pa chingwe chomwe chimapereka data ya Efaneti.Kuunikira kwa LED kuli ndi maubwino omveka bwino opangira mphamvu pakuyika kwa PoE.

17. Kuzizira kwa kutentha kwa ntchito

Kuwala kwa LED kumapambana m'malo ozizira ozizira.Kuwala kwa LED kumasintha mphamvu yamagetsi kukhala mphamvu ya kuwala kudzera mu jakisoni wa electroluminescence yomwe imayatsidwa pamene semiconductor diode imakonda magetsi.Njira yoyambira iyi sidalira kutentha.Kutentha kochepa kozungulira kumathandizira kutayika kwa kutentha kwa zinyalala zopangidwa kuchokera ku ma LED ndipo motero kumawamasula ku kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono (kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuwala pa kutentha kwakukulu).Mosiyana ndi izi, kutentha kwa kutentha kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kwa nyali za fulorosenti.Kuti nyali ya fulorosenti iyambike kumalo ozizira pakufunika mphamvu yamagetsi kuti muyambitse arc yamagetsi.Nyali za fluorescent zimatayanso kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwake komwe kumawunikiridwa pakazizira kozizira kwambiri, pomwe nyali za LED zimagwira ntchito bwino m'malo ozizira - ngakhale mpaka -50 ° C.Choncho nyali za LED ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mufiriji, mafiriji, malo osungiramo ozizira, ndi ntchito zakunja.

18. Kukhudza chilengedwe

Kuwala kwa LED kumapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chikhale chochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi magwero achikhalidwe.Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa kumatanthawuza kutulutsa mpweya wochepa.Ma LED alibe mercury ndipo motero amapanga zovuta zochepa zachilengedwe kumapeto kwa moyo.Poyerekeza, kutaya kwa nyali zokhala ndi mercury-fulorescent ndi HID kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zokhwima zotaya zinyalala.