Imakethi yezibane zehlabathi ikwinguqu emandla eqhutywa kukwamkelwa okukhulayo kobuchwephesha bokukhanya okukhupha ukukhanya (LED).Olu tshintsho luluqilima lwesibane (SSL) lutshintshe uqoqosho olusisiseko kwimarike kunye namandla oshishino.Ayizizo kuphela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zemveliso ezenziwa bubuchwephesha be-SSL, utshintsho olusuka kubuchwephesha obuqhelekileyo ukuya. Ukukhanya kwe-LED itshintsha kakhulu indlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngokukhanyisa.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhanya obuqhelekileyo benzelwe ngokukodwa ukujongana neemfuno ezibonakalayo.Ngokukhanya kwe-LED, ukuvuselela okulungileyo kweziphumo zebhayoloji zokukhanya kwimpilo yabantu kunye nentlalontle kutsala ingqalelo ekhulayo.Ukufika kobuchwephesha be-LED kwakhona kwavula indlela yokudibanisa phakathi kokukhanya kunye nokukhanya I-Intanethi yezinto (IoT), evula ihlabathi elitsha lonke lamathuba.Kwangoko, bekukho ukudideka okukhulu malunga nesibane se-LED.Ukukhula kwemarike ephezulu kunye nomdla omkhulu wabathengi kudala isidingo esicinezelayo sokususa amathandabuzo ajikeleze itekhnoloji kunye nokwazisa uluntu ngezinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo.

Ndingenza njanies I-LEDumsebenzi?

I-LED yiphakheji ye-semiconductor equka i-LED die (chip) kunye nezinye izinto ezibonelela ngenkxaso yomatshini, uxhulumaniso lombane, ukuqhutyelwa kwe-thermal, ukulawulwa kwe-optical, kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-wavelength.I-chip ye-LED ngokusisiseko sisixhobo se-pn esidityanisiweyo esenziwe ngamaleko e-semiconductor adityanisiweyo aphikisanayo.I-compound semiconductor esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yi-gallium nitride (GaN) ene-gap yebhendi ethe ngqo evumela amathuba aphezulu okudibana kwakhona kwe-radiative kune-semiconductors ene-gap yebhendi engathanga ngqo.Xa i-pn junction ityekele kwicala eliya phambili, ii-electron ezisuka kwi-conduction band yohlobo lwe-n-type semiconductor layer zihamba zinqumla umaleko womda ukuya kwi-p-junction kwaye ziphinde zihlangane kunye nemingxuma evela kwibhendi ye-valence yohlobo lwe-p-uhlobo lwe-semiconductor umaleko indawo esebenzayo ye diode.I-electron-hole recombination ibangela ukuba ii-electron ziwele kwindawo yamandla aphantsi kwaye zikhulule amandla amaninzi ngendlela yeefotoni (iipakethi zokukhanya).Esi siphumo sibizwa ngokuba yi-electroluminescence.Ifoton inokuhambisa imitha ye-electromagnetic yawo onke amaza obude.Ubude obuchanekileyo bokukhanya obukhutshwa kwi-diode bumiselwa ngumsantsa webhendi yamandla we-semiconductor.

Ukukhanya okuveliswe nge-electroluminescence kwi- Itshiphu ye-LEDinobubanzi obumxinwa obusasazwa kunye ne-bandwidth eqhelekileyo yamashumi ambalwa e-nanometers.Ukukhutshwa kwebhanti emxinwa kubangela ukuba ukukhanya kube nombala omnye ofana nobomvu, oblowu okanye oluhlaza.Ukuze unikeze umthombo wokukhanya omhlophe obanzi, ububanzi be-spectral power distribution (SPD) ye-chip ye-LED kufuneka bandiswe.I-electroluminescence evela kwi-chip ye-LED iguqulwe ngokuyinxenye okanye ngokupheleleyo nge-photoluminescence kwi-phosphors.Uninzi lwee-LED ezimhlophe zidibanisa ukukhutshwa kwe-wavelength okufutshane ukusuka kwi-InGaN iitshiphusi eziluhlaza kunye nokukhanya okude kuphinde kukhutshwe kwi-phosphors.I-phosphor powder ihlakazwe kwi-silicon, i-epoxy matrix okanye enye i-resin matrixes.Iphosphor equlethe i-matrix ifakwe kwi-chip ye-LED.Ukukhanya okumhlophe kunokuveliswa ngokumpompa iphosphors ebomvu, eluhlaza kunye neblue kusetyenziswa i-ultraviolet (UV) okanye i-violet LED chip.Kule meko, umphumo omhlophe unokufezekisa ukunikezelwa kombala ophezulu.Kodwa le ndlela ijongene nokusebenza okuphantsi ngenxa yokuba i-wavelength shift enkulu ebandakanyekayo ekuguquleni phantsi kwe-UV okanye ukukhanya kwe-violet ihamba kunye nokulahlekelwa kwamandla e-Stokes.

Izinto ezilungileyo zeUkukhanya kwe-LED

Ukuveliswa kwezibane ze-incandescent ngaphezu kwenkulungwane edluleyo kwaguqula izibane ezenziweyo.Okwangoku, sibona inguqu yokukhanya kwedijithali eyenziwe yi-SSL.Ukukhanya okusekwe kwi-Semiconductor akunikezeli kuphela uyilo olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili, ukusebenza kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho, kodwa kukwavumela ubuninzi bezicelo ezitsha kunye neziphakamiso zexabiso ebezicingelwa ukuba azinakwenzeka.Imbuyekezo evela ekuvuneni ezi nzuzo iya kubadlula kakhulu ixabiso eliphezulu langaphambili lokufakela isixokelelwano se-LED, apho kusekho ukuthandabuza kwindawo yentengiso.

1. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla

Esinye sezizathu eziphambili zokufudukela kwisibane se-LED kukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla.Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, ukusebenza okukhanyayo kweephakeji ezimhlophe ze-phosphor eziguqulelwe kwi-LED ziye zanda ukusuka kwi-85 lm / W ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-200 lm / W, emele ukuguqulwa kwamandla ombane ukuya kumandla ombane (PCE) ngaphezulu kwe-60%, kumgangatho osebenzayo wangoku. Ubuninzi be-35 A / cm2.Ngaphandle kokuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kwe-InGaN blue LEDs, iiphosphors (ukusebenza kunye nomdlalo wamaza kwimpendulo yamehlo omntu) kunye nephakheji (i-optical scattering/absorption), iSebe lezaMandla laseMelika (DOE) lithi kusekho indawo enkulu yentloko yePC-LED. ukuphuculwa kokuchaneka kunye nokusebenza okukhanyayo okumalunga ne-255 lm/W kufuneka kwenzeke impompo blue LEDs.Izibane ezikhanyayo eziphakamileyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo ziluncedo olukhulu kwii-LED ngaphezu kwemithombo yokukhanya yemveli-incandescent (ukuya kuma-20 lm/W), i-halogen (ukuya kuma-22 lm/W), i-fluorescent yomgca (65-104 lm/W), i-compact fluorescent (46) -87 lm / W), induction fluorescent (70-90 lm / W), umphunga wemercury (60-60 lm / W), uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwesodium (70-140 lm / W), i-quartz metal halide (64-110 lm / W), kunye ne-ceramic metal halide (80-120 lm / W).

2. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokuhanjiswa kwe-Optical

Ngaphandle kophuculo olubonakalayo ekusebenzeni komthombo wokukhanya, ukukwazi ukufezekisa ukukhanya okuphezulu kwe-luminaire kunye nokukhanya kwe-LED ayaziwa kakhulu kubathengi ngokubanzi kodwa kufunwa kakhulu ngabayili bokukhanyisa.Ukunikezelwa okusebenzayo kokukhanya okukhutshwe yimithombo yokukhanya ukuya ekujoliswe kuyo kube ngumngeni omkhulu woyilo kwishishini.Izibane eziqhelekileyo ezimile njengebhalbhu zikhupha ukukhanya macala onke.Oku kubangela ukuba umbane okhanyayo oveliswe sisibane uvaleleke ngaphakathi kwe-luminaire (umzekelo, ngokukhanyisa, ii-diffuser), okanye ukubaleka kwisikhanyiso ukuya kwicala elingeloncedo kwisicelo esicetywayo okanye elikhubekisayo nje iliso.I-HID luminaires ezifana ne-metal halide kunye ne-sodium yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-60% ukuya kwi-85% esebenzayo ekuqondiseni ukukhanya okuveliswa sisibane ngaphandle kwe-luminaire.Akuqhelekanga ukuba izibane ezihlayo kunye neetrofa ezisebenzisa imithombo yokukhanya ye-fluorescent okanye i-halogen ukufumana ilahleko ye-40-50% yokubona.Ubume bendlela yokukhanya kwe-LED buvumela ukuhanjiswa okusebenzayo kokukhanya, kunye nefom ye-compact form factor ye-LEDs ivumela ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-flux ekhanyayo usebenzisa iilensi ezidibeneyo.Iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ze-LED ezilungiselelwe kakuhle zinokunikezela ngobuchule bokukhanya obungaphezulu kwe-90%.

3. Ukufana kokukhanyisa

Ukukhanyisa okufanayo yenye yezinto eziphambili eziphambili kwindawo yangaphakathi kunye nendawo yangaphandle / izibane zendlela.Ukufana ngumlinganiselo wobudlelwane bokukhanya kwindawo ethile.Ukukhanya okulungileyo kufuneka kuqinisekise ukuhanjiswa okufanayo kwesiganeko se-lumens phezu kwendawo yomsebenzi okanye indawo.Umahluko omkhulu wokukhanya obangelwa kukukhanya okungafananga unokukhokelela ekudinweni okubonakalayo, kuchaphazele ukusebenza komsebenzi kunye nokubonisa inkxalabo yokhuseleko njengoko iliso lifuna ukuziqhelanisa phakathi kwemiphezulu yokukhanya okwahlukileyo.Utshintsho olusuka kwindawo ekhanyayo ukuya kwelinye lokukhanya okuhluke kakhulu kuya kubangela ilahleko yenguqu ye-visual acuity, enefuthe elikhulu lokhuseleko kwizicelo zangaphandle apho i-traffic traffic ibandakanyeka.Kwizakhiwo ezinkulu zangaphakathi, ukukhanya okufanayo kufaka isandla ekuthuthuzelekeni okubonakalayo okuphezulu, kuvumela ukuguquguquka kweendawo zokusebenza kunye nokuphelisa isidingo sokufuduswa kwezibane.Oku kunokuba luncedo ngakumbi kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zoshishino kunye nezorhwebo apho iindleko ezinkulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kubandakanyeka ekuhambiseni izibane.Izibane ezisebenzisa izibane ze-HID zinokukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu ngokuthe ngqo ngaphantsi kwe-luminaire kuneendawo ezikude ne-luminaire.Oku kubangela ukulingana okubi (umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wobukhulu/umzuzu 6:1).Abaqulunqi bokukhanyisa kufuneka banyuse ingxinano ye-fixture ukuqinisekisa ukufana kokukhanya kuyahlangabezana neyona mfuneko yoyilo oluncinci.Ngokwahlukileyo, indawo enkulu yokukhupha ukukhanya (LES) eyenziwe kuluhlu lwee-LED ezinobungakanani obuncinci ivelisa ukukhanya okukhanya kunye nokufana okungaphantsi kwe-3: 1 max / min ratio, eguqulela kwiimeko ezinkulu ezibonakalayo kunye nenani elincitshisiweyo kakhulu. yofakelo phezu kwendawo yomsebenzi.

4. Ukukhanyisa okuthe ngqo

Ngenxa yepateni yokukhutshwa komkhombandlela kunye noxinaniso oluphezulu lwe-flux, ii-LED zifanelekile ngokwendalo ekukhanyiseni okuya ngakulo.Isikhanyiso esisalathayo sigxininisa ukukhanya okukhutshwa ngumthombo wokukhanya ukuya kumqadi othe ngqo ohamba ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ukusuka kwisibane ukuya kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo.Imiqadi yokukhanya egxininiswe emxinwa isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-hierarchy yokubaluleka ngokusetyenziswa kochasaniso, ukwenza iimpawu ezikhethiweyo ukuba zivele ngasemva, kunye nokongeza umdla kunye nesibongozo seemvakalelo kwinto.Izibane zomkhombandlela, kubandakanywa izibane kunye nezibane zesikhukula, zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo zokukhanyisa ezigxininisiweyo ukunyusa ukuvelela okanye ukugqamisa into yoyilo.Ukukhanyisa okuthe ngqo kukwasetyenziswa kwizicelo apho umqadi oqinileyo ufuneka ukunceda ukufezekisa imisebenzi ebonakalayo enzima okanye ukubonelela ngokukhanya koluhlu olude.Iimveliso ezinikezela le njongo ziquka izibane,izibane zokukhangela, amabala alandelayo,izibane zokuqhuba isithuthi, izibane zebala lezemidlalonjl Ii-COB LEDsokanye ukujula umqadi omde kude ngeamandla aphezulu e-LEDs.

5. Ubunjineli beSpectral

Itekhnoloji ye-LED inikezela ngesakhono esitsha sokulawula ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okukhanya komthombo wokukhanya (SPD), okuthetha ukuba ukubunjwa kokukhanya kunokulungelelaniswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo.I-Spectral controllability ivumela i-spectrum evela kwiimveliso zokukhanyisa ukuba zenziwe ukuba zibandakanye imbonakalo yomntu ethile, i-physiological, i-psychological, i-photoreceptor yezityalo, okanye i-semiconductor detector (oko kukuthi, iimpendulo zekhamera ye-HD), okanye indibaniselwano yeempendulo ezinjalo.Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-spectral kunokufezekiswa ngokwandisa ubude obunqwenelekayo kunye nokususwa okanye ukunciphisa ukonakalisa okanye iinxalenye ezingeyomfuneko ze-spectrum kwisicelo esinikiweyo.Kwizicelo zokukhanya ezimhlophe, i-SPD ye-LEDs inokulungiswa ngokunyaniseka kombala omiselweyo kunyeubushushu bombala ohambelanayo (CCT).Ngoyilo lwe-multi-channel, i-multi-emitter, umbala oveliswa yi-luminaire ye-LED unokusebenza kwaye ulawuleke ngokuchanekileyo.I-RGB, i-RGBA okanye iinkqubo ze-RGBW zokuxuba imibala ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa ukukhanya okugcweleyo zenza amathuba angenasiphelo obuhle kubayili kunye nabayili bezakhiwo.Iinkqubo ezimhlophe eziguquguqukayo zisebenzisa ii-multi-CCT ze-LED ukubonelela ngobumnyama obufudumeleyo obulinganisa iimpawu zombala wezibane ze-incandescent xa zimnyama, okanye ukubonelela ngokukhanyisa okumhlophe okusebenzayo okuvumela ulawulo oluzimeleyo lobushushu bombala kunye nokukhanya kokukhanya.Ukukhanya okuphakathi kwabantungenxa ye itekhnoloji emhlophe ye-LED esetyenziswayolelinye lamandla asemva kophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokukhanyisa yamva nje.

6. Vula/cima ukutshintshela

Ii-LED ziza ngokuqaqamba okugcweleyo phantse kwangoko (kwidijithi enye ukuya kumashumi ee-nanoseconds) kwaye zinexesha lokucima kumashumi ee-nanoseconds.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ixesha lokufudumala, okanye ixesha elithathwa yibhalbhu ukufikelela ekuphumeni kokukhanya okupheleleyo, kwezibane ezixineneyo zefluorescent zingahlala ukuya kutsho kwimizuzu emi-3.Izibane ze-HID zifuna ixesha lokufudumala kwemizuzu emininzi phambi kokubonelela ngokukhanya okusebenzisekayo.Uthintelo olushushu luyinkxalabo enkulu kunokuqaliswa kokuqala kwezibane zentsimbi ze-halide ezazisakuba yeyona teknoloji iphambili eyayisetyenziselwa. ukukhanya okuphezulukwaye ukukhanyisa kwamandla aphezulukwi izibonelelo zoshishino,amabala emidlalo kunye namabala emidlalo.Ukucinywa kombane kwiziko elinezibane ze-metal halide kunokubeka esichengeni ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yokunqanda ubushushu bezibane ze-metal halide ithatha ukuya kutsho kwimizuzu engama-20.Ukuqalisa kwangoko kunye nokushushu okushushu kubolekisa ii-LED kwindawo ekhethekileyo ukuze zenze imisebenzi emininzi ngempumelelo.Akunjalo kuphela izicelo zokukhanyisa ngokubanzi ezixhamla kakhulu kwixesha elifutshane lokuphendula le-LED, uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ezizodwa zivuna lo buchule.Umzekelo, izibane ze-LED zinokusebenza ngolungelelwaniso kunye neekhamera zetrafikhi ukubonelela ngokukhanya okungaphakathi kokuthatha isithuthi esishukumayo.Ii-LED zitshintsha kwi-140 ukuya kwi-200 milliseconds ngokukhawuleza kunezibane ze-incandescent.Inzuzo yexesha lokuphendula ibonisa ukuba izibane ze-brake ze-LED zisebenza ngakumbi kunezibane ze-incandescent ekuthinteleni ukungqubana kwempembelelo yangasemva.Enye inzuzo yee-LED ekutshintsheni ukusebenza ngumjikelezo wokutshintsha.Ubomi be-LED abuchaphazeli ngokutshintsha rhoqo.Abaqhubi be-LED abaqhelekileyo bezicelo zokukhanyisa jikelele banikwe ireyithingi ye-50,000 ye-switching cycles, kwaye ayiqhelekanga ukuba abaqhubi be-LED bentsebenzo ephezulu banyamezele i-100,000, 200,000, okanye i-1 yezigidi zemijikelo yokutshintsha.Ubomi be-LED abuchatshazelwa kukuhamba ngebhayisikile ngokukhawuleza (i-high frequency switching).Eli nqaku lenza izibane ze-LED zifaneleke kakuhle ekukhanyeni okuguquguqukayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngolawulo lokukhanyisa olunjengendawo yokuhlala okanye izinzwa zokukhanya kwemini.Kwelinye icala, ukucinywa rhoqo/ukucima kunokunciphisa ubomi be-incandescent, HID, kunye nezibane ze-fluorescent.Le mithombo yokukhanya inamawaka ambalwa kuphela emijikelo yokutshintsha ubomi bayo obulinganisiweyo.

7. Ukukwazi ukuncipha

Ukukwazi ukuvelisa ukukhanya ngendlela enamandla kakhulu kubolekisa ii-LED ngokugqibeleleyoulawulo lobumnyama, kanti izibane ze-fluorescent kunye ne-HID aziphenduli kakuhle ekukhanyeni.Izibane ezincitshisiweyo zefluorescent zifuna ukusetyenziswa kweesekethe ezibizayo, ezinkulu kunye nezintsonkothileyo ukuze kugcinwe ukuvuswa kwerhasi kunye neemeko zombane.Ukukhanya kwezibane ze-HID kuya kukhokelela kubomi obufutshane kunye nokusilela kwesibane kwangaphambi kwexesha.I-Metal halide kunye nezibane zesodium ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu azikwazi ukufiphala ngaphantsi kwe-50% yamandla alinganisiweyo.Bakwaphendula kwiimpawu ezimnyama ezicotha kakhulu kunee-LED.Ukukhanya kwe-LED kunokwenziwa nokuba kukuncitshiswa kwangoku rhoqo (CCR), eyaziwa ngcono njenge-analog dimming, okanye ngokufaka i-pulse width modulation (PWM) kwi-LED, AKA digital dimming.I-analog dimming ilawula idrive yangoku equkuqela ukuya kwii-LEDs.Esi sesona sisombululo sisetyenziswa kakhulu sokukhanyisa ukukhanya, nangona ii-LED zisenokungasebenzi kakuhle kwimisinga ephantsi kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-10%).Ukufiphala kwe-PWM kuyahlukahlukana kumjikelezo womsebenzi wokumodareyitha kobubanzi be-pulse ukudala ixabiso eliphakathi kwimveliso yalo kuluhlu olupheleleyo ukusuka kwi-100% ukuya kwi-0%.Ukulawulwa kokunciphisa ii-LED kuvumela ukulungelelanisa ukukhanya kunye neemfuno zabantu, ukwandisa ukonga amandla, ukunika amandla ukuxutywa kombala kunye nokulungiswa kweCCT, kunye nokwandisa ubomi be-LED.

8. Ukulawulwa

Ubume bedijithali bee-LED buququzelela ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwe abenzi boluvo, iiprosesa, isilawuli, kunye nojongano lwenethiwekhi kwiinkqubo zokukhanyisa zokuphumeza izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokukhanyisa ezikrelekrele, ukusuka ekukhanyeni okuguquguqukayo kunye nokukhanya okuguquguqukayo kuyo nayiphi na i-IoT ezisa ngokulandelayo.Umba oguquguqukayo wokukhanya kwe-LED ukusuka kumbala olula oguqukayo ukuya ekukhanyeni okuntsonkothileyo ubonisa kumakhulu okanye amawaka eendawo zokukhanyisa ezilawulekayo kunye nokuguqulelwa okuntsonkothileyo komxholo wevidiyo ukuze kuboniswe kwiinkqubo ze-matrix ze-LED.Itekhnoloji ye-SSL isembindini we-ecosystem enkulu ye izisombululo zokukhanyisa ezixhunyiweenokuthi isebenzise ukuvunwa kwasemini, ukubona indawo yokuhlala, ukulawula ixesha, ukucwangciswa kwenkqubo, kunye nezixhobo eziqhagamshelwe kwinethiwekhi ukulawula, ukuzenzela kunye nokwandisa imiba eyahlukeneyo yokukhanyisa.Ukulawula izibane ezifudukayo kuthungelwano olusekwe kwi-IP luvumela iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ezikrelekrele, ezithwele inzwa ukuba zisebenzisane nezinye izixhobo ngaphakathi. Iinethiwekhi ze-IoT.Oku kuvula amathuba okudala uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo ezintsha, izibonelelo, ukusebenza, kunye nemijelo yengeniso eyenza ixabiso leenkqubo zokukhanyisa i-LED.Ukulawulwa kweenkqubo zokukhanyisa izibane ze-LED kunokuphunyezwa ngokusetyenziswa kweengcingo ezahlukeneyo kunyeunxibelelwano olungenazingcingoiiprothokholi, kubandakanywa iiprothokholi zokulawula ukukhanyisa ezifana ne-0-10V, i-DALI, i-DMX512 kunye ne-DMX-RDM, ukwakha iiprothokholi ezizenzekelayo ezifana ne-BACnet, i-LON, i-KNX kunye ne-EnOcean, kunye neeprothokholi ezisetyenzisiweyo kwi-architecture ye-mesh eyandayo (umzekelo, i-ZigBee, i-Z-Wave, I-Bluetooth Mesh, Umsonto).

9. Ububhetyebhetye boyilo

Ubungakanani obuncinci bee-LEDs buvumela abaqulunqi bezixhobo ukuba benze imithombo yokukhanya ibe yimilo kunye nobukhulu obulungele izicelo ezininzi.Olu phawu lomzimba luxhobisa abayili ngenkululeko ethe kratya yokuvakalisa ifilosofi yabo yoyilo okanye ukuqamba iimpawu zeempawu.Ukuguquguquka okubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwemithombo yokukhanya kunika amathuba okwenza iimveliso zokukhanyisa ezithwala ukudibanisa okugqibeleleyo phakathi kwefom kunye nomsebenzi.Izibane ze-LEDingenziwa ngokuyilwa ukufiphalisa imida phakathi koyilo kunye nobugcisa bezicelo apho kugxininiswa ekuhombiseni kuyalelwa.Ziyakwazi kwakhona ukuyilwa ukuxhasa umgangatho ophezulu wokuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo kunye nokudibanisa kuyo nayiphi na ingqungquthela yoyilo.Ukukhanya kwelizwe okuqinileyo kuqhuba iindlela ezintsha zoyilo nakwamanye amacandelo.Isitayela esisodwa esinokwenzeka sivumela abavelisi bezithuthi ukuba bayile izibane zangaphambili kunye nezibane zasemva ezinika iimoto inkangeleko enomtsalane.

10. Ukuqina

I-LED ikhupha ukukhanya kwibhloko ye-semiconductor-kunokuba ivela kwi-bulb yeglasi okanye ityhubhu, njengoko kunjalo kwi-incandescent yelifa, i-halogen, i-fluorescent, kunye nezibane ze-HID ezisebenzisa i-filaments okanye iigesi ukuvelisa ukukhanya.Izixhobo zombuso oqinileyo zixhonywe ngokubanzi kwibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo engundoqo (MCPCB), kunye noqhagamshelo olubonelelwa ngokhokelo oluthengiswayo.Akukho glasi iethe-ethe, akukho ndawo zishukumayo, kwaye akukho kuphuka kwefilament, iinkqubo zokukhanyisa ze-LED ngoko ke zixhathisa ngokugqithisileyo ukothuka, ukungcangcazela, kunye nokunxiba.Ukuqina kombuso oqinileyo weenkqubo zokukhanyisa izibane ze-LED zinexabiso elicacileyo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.Kwindawo yoshishino, kukho iindawo apho izibane zithwaxwa kukungcangcazela okugqithisileyo koomatshini abakhulu.Izibane ezifakwe ecaleni kwendlela kunye neetonela kufuneka zinyamezele ukungcangcazela okuphindaphindiweyo okubangelwa zizithuthi ezinzima ezidlula ngesantya esiphezulu.I-Vibration yenza usuku oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza lwezibane zokusebenza ezifakwe kulwakhiwo, imigodi kunye nezithuthi zezolimo, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo.Izibane eziphathekayo ezifana nezibane kunye nezibane zokukhempisha zihlala ziphantsi kwempembelelo yamathontsi.Kukwakho nezicelo ezininzi apho izibane ezaphukileyo zibonakalisa ingozi kubahlali.Yonke le miceli mngeni ifuna isisombululo sokukhanyisa esimagingxigingxi, nto leyo kanye ekunokubonelela ngayo ukukhanya kwesimo esiqinileyo.

11. Ubomi bemveliso

Ubomi obude bubonakala njengenye yeenzuzo eziphezulu zokukhanya kwe-LED, kodwa amabango obomi obude asekelwe kuphela kwi-metric yobomi bephakheji ye-LED (umthombo wokukhanya) unokulahlekisa.Ubomi obuncedo bepakethe ye-LED, isibane se-LED, okanye i-LED luminaire (izixhobo zokukhanya) zihlala zicatshulwa njengenqaku ngexesha apho ukuphuma kwe-flux ekhanyayo kuye kwancipha ukuya kwi-70% yemveliso yayo yokuqala, okanye i-L70.Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-LED (iiphakheji ze-LED) zine-L70 yokuphila phakathi kwe-30,000 kunye ne-100,000 iiyure (e-Ta = 85 °C).Nangona kunjalo, imilinganiselo ye-LM-80 esetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubomi be-L70 yeepakethi ze-LED usebenzisa indlela ye-TM-21 ithathwa kunye neepakethi ze-LED ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezilawulwa kakuhle (umzekelo, kwindawo elawulwa ngubushushu kwaye ibonelelwe nge-DC eqhubekayo. qhuba okwangoku).Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo ze-LED kwizicelo zehlabathi zokwenyani zihlala zicela umngeni ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu lombane, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kunye neemeko eziqatha zokusingqongileyo.Iinkqubo ze-LED zinokufumana ukugcinwa kwe-lumen ngokukhawuleza okanye ukusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha.Nje,Izibane ze-LED (iibhalbhu, iityhubhu)ubomi be-L70 phakathi kwe-10,000 kunye ne-25,000 iiyure, izibane ezidibeneyo ze-LED (umz. izibane eziphakamileyo, izibane zasesitalatweni, izibane ezisezantsi) zinexesha lokuphila phakathi kweeyure ezingama-30,000 kunye neeyure ezingama-60,000.Xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso zokukhanyisa zemveli-incandescent (750-2,000 iiyure), halogen (3,000-4,000 iiyure), fluorescent compact (8,000-10,000 iiyure), kunye metal halide (7,500-25,000 iiyure), iinkqubo LED, ingakumbi luminaires ezihlanganisiweyo, ukunika ubomi benkonzo obude kakhulu.Ekubeni izibane ze-LED zifuna ngokuqinisekileyo ukugcinwa, ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa ngokubambisana nokugcinwa kwamandla aphezulu ekusebenziseni izibane ze-LED kwixesha elide lokuphila zibonelela ngesiseko sembuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali (ROI).

12. Ukhuseleko lwe-Photobiological

Ii-LED ziyimithombo yokukhanya ekhuselekileyo yefotoyoloji.Abavelisi ukukhutshwa kwe-infrared (IR) kwaye bakhuphe isixa esingabalulekanga sokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) (ngaphantsi kwe-5 uW / lm).Izibane ze-Incandescent, i-fluorescent, kunye ne-metal halide ziguqula i-73%, i-37%, kunye ne-17% yamandla asetyenzisiweyo kumandla e-infrared, ngokulandelanayo.Kwakhona zikhupha kummandla we-UV we-electromagnetic spectrum-incandescent (70-80 uW / lm), i-compact fluorescent (30-100 uW / lm), kunye ne-metal halide (160-700 uW / lm).Kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngokwaneleyo, imithombo yokukhanya ekhupha ukukhanya kwe-UV okanye i-IR inokubangela iingozi zefotobiological eluswini kunye namehlo.Ukuboniswa kwimitha ye-UV kunokubangela i-cataract (i-clouding ye-lens eqhelekileyo ecacileyo) okanye i-photokeratitis (ukudumba kwe-cornea).Ixesha elifutshane lokuvezwa kumanqanaba aphezulu emitha ye-IR kunokubangela ukwenzakala okushushu kwiretina yeliso.Ukuba sesichengeni kwexesha elide kwiidosi eziphezulu zemitha ye-infrared kunokubangela urhatyazo lweglasi.Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Thermal okubangelwa yinkqubo yokukhanyisa i-incandescent kudala inkathazo kwishishini lezempilo njengoko izibane eziqhelekileyo zokuhlinzwa kunye nezibane zamazinyo zisebenzisa imithombo yokukhanya kwe-incandescent ukuvelisa ukukhanya ngokunyaniseka kombala ophezulu.I-intensitest intensity beam eveliswa zezi luminaires ihambisa isixa esikhulu samandla ashushu anokwenza izigulane zingakhululeki kakhulu.

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ingxoxo yeukhuseleko lwe-photobiologicalIhlala ijolisa kwingozi yokukhanya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ebhekiselele kumonakalo wefotokhemikhali yeretina obangelwa kukuvezwa kwemitha kumaza amaza ikakhulu phakathi kwe-400 nm kunye ne-500 nm.Ukungaqondi kakuhle okuqhelekileyo kukuba ii-LED zinokuthi zibangele ingozi yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuba uninzi lwee-phosphor eziguquliwe ezimhlophe ze-LED zisebenzisa impompo ye-LED eluhlaza.I-DOE kunye ne-IES ziye zacacisa ukuba iimveliso ze-LED azifani nezinye iindawo zokukhanya ezinokushisa okufanayo kombala ngokubhekiselele kwingozi yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Ii-LED eziguqulwayo ze-Phosphor azifaki ingozi enjalo naphantsi kweendlela zokuvavanya ngokungqongqo.

13. Impembelelo yemitha

Ii-LED zivelisa amandla akhazimlayo kuphela ngaphakathi kwendawo ebonakalayo ye-electromagnetic spectrum ukusuka malunga ne-400 nm ukuya kuma-700 nm.Olu phawu lwe-spectral lunika izibane ze-LED inzuzo yesicelo esixabisekileyo ngaphezu kwemithombo yokukhanya evelisa amandla aqaqambileyo ngaphandle kokukhanya okubonakalayo.Imitha ye-UV kunye ne-IR evela kwimithombo yokukhanya yemveli ayifaki nje iingozi ze-photobiological, kodwa ikhokelela ekuthotyweni kwezinto.Imitha ye-UV iyonakalisa kakhulu imathiriyeli ye-organic njengoko amandla e-photon emitha yemitha kwi-UV spectral band iphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuvelisa i-scission yebhondi ethe ngqo kunye neendlela ze-photooxidation.Ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwechromophor kunokukhokelela ekudakaleni kwezinto kunye nokuguquka kwebala.Usetyenziso lweMyuziyam lufuna yonke imithombo yokukhanya evelisa i-UV engaphezulu kwe-75 uW/lm ukuba ihluzwe ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kumsebenzi wobugcisa.I-IR ayifuni uhlobo olufanayo lomonakalo we-photochemical obangelwa yimitha ye-UV kodwa isenokubangela umonakalo.Ukonyusa ubushushu bomphezulu bento kunokubangela ukukhawuleziswa kwentshukumo yeekhemikhali kunye notshintsho lomzimba.Imitha ye-IR kumandla aphezulu inokubangela ukuqina komphezulu, ukuguqulwa kombala kunye nokuqhekeka kwemizobo, ukuwohloka kweemveliso zokuthambisa, ukomiswa kwemifuno kunye neziqhamo, ukunyibilika kwetshokolethi kunye ne-confectionery, njl.

14. Ukhuseleko lomlilo nokudubula

Umlilo kunye neengozi zokubonisa azikho uphawu lweenkqubo zokukhanyisa i-LED njengoko i-LED iguqula amandla ombane kwimitha ye-electromagnetic ngokusebenzisa i-electroluminescence ngaphakathi kwephakheji ye-semiconductor.Oku kuchasene nobuchwepheshe belifa elivelisa ukukhanya ngokufudumeza imicu ye-tungsten okanye ngokonwabisa okuphakathi kwegesi.Ukusilela okanye ukusebenza ngokungafanelekanga kunokubangela umlilo okanye uqhushumbo.Izibane zeMetal halide zisengozini yokudubula ngenxa yokuba ityhubhu yearc yequartz isebenza kuxinzelelo oluphezulu (520 ukuya kwi-3,100 kPa) kunye nobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu (900 ukuya kwi-1,100 °C).Ukungaphumeleli kwetyhubhu ye-arc engekho-passive ebangelwa ukuphela kweemeko zobomi besibane, ngokusilela kwe-ballast okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwesibane esingafanelekanga-i-ballast indibaniselwano inokubangela ukuphuka kwebhalbhu yangaphandle yesibane se-metal halide.Iingceba zequartz ezishushu zinokutshisa izinto ezinokutsha, uthuli olunokutsha okanye iigesi eziqhumayo/umphunga.

15. Unxibelelwano olubonakalayo olukhanyayo (VLC)

Ii-LED zinokuvulwa kwaye zicinywe ngesantya esikhawulezayo kunokuba libonwe liliso lomntu.Oku kungabonakali kokuvula / ukuvala amandla okutshintsha kuvula isicelo esitsha seemveliso zokukhanyisa.LiFi (Ukunyaniseka okuKhanya) Itekhnoloji ifumene ingqwalasela enkulu kushishino lonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo.Isebenzisa ulandelelwano lwe-"ON" kunye ne "OFF" yee-LED ukuhambisa idatha.Xa kuthelekiswa itekhnoloji yangoku yonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo kusetyenziswa amaza erediyo (umzekelo, iWi-Fi, i-IrDA, kunye neBluetooth), iLiFi ithembisa ukuphindaphindwa kwewaka lebhanwidth ebanzi kunye nesantya esiphezulu sothumelo.I-LiFi ithathwa njengesicelo se-IoT esikhangayo ngenxa yobuninzi bokukhanya.Yonke ukukhanya kwe-LED ingasetyenziselwa njengendawo yokufikelela kwi-optical yokunxibelelana kwedatha engenazingcingo, nje ngokuba umqhubi wayo ekwazi ukuguqula umxholo wokusasaza kwiimpawu zedijithali.

16. DC ukukhanya

Ii-LED zinombane ophantsi, izixhobo eziqhutywa ngoku.Olu hlobo luvumela ukukhanya kwe-LED ukuba kuthathe ithuba lombane ophantsi wombane othe ngqo wangoku (DC) iigridi zokuhambisa.Kukho umdla okhawulezayo kwiinkqubo ze-DC microgrid ezinokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo okanye ngokudityaniswa negridi eluncedo eqhelekileyo.Ezi gridi zamandla amancinci zibonelela ngonxibelelwano oluphuculweyo kunye neejenereyitha zamandla ahlaziyekayo (ilanga, umoya, iiseli zamafutha, njl. njl.).Amandla eDC afumaneka ekuhlaleni aphelisa imfuneko yoguqulo lombane lwenqanaba le-AC-DC olubandakanya ilahleko enkulu yamandla kwaye yindawo eqhelekileyo yokusilela kwiinkqubo ze-AC eziqhutywa nge-LED.Ukukhanya okuphezulu kwe-LED ngokufanelekileyo kuphucula ukuzimela kweebhetri ezihlawulelwayo okanye iinkqubo zokugcina amandla.Njengoko unxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi olusekelwe kwi-IP luzuza ngokukhawuleza, Amandla phezu kwe-Ethernet (i-PoE) yavela njengenketho ye-microgrid yamandla aphantsi ukuhambisa amandla aphantsi ombane we-DC kwintambo efanayo ehambisa idatha ye-Ethernet.Ukukhanya kwe-LED kuneenzuzo ezicacileyo zokusebenzisa amandla ofakelo lwe-PoE.

17. Ukusebenza kobushushu obubandayo

Ukukhanya kwe-LED kugqwesa kwiindawo ezibandayo zokushisa.I-LED iguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla ombane ngokusebenzisa inaliti ye-electroluminescence ethi isebenze xa i-semiconductor diode ityekele kumbane.Le nkqubo yokuqalisa ayixhomekeke kubushushu.Ubushushu be-ambient ephantsi buququzelela ukulahlwa kobushushu benkunkuma obuveliswa kwii-LED kwaye ngaloo ndlela bukhulula kwi-thermal droop (ukunciphisa amandla okukhanya kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu).Ngokwahlukileyo, ukusebenza kobushushu obubandayo ngumngeni omkhulu kwizibane zefluorescent.Ukuqalisa isibane sefluorescent kwindawo ebandayo kufuneka amandla ombane aphezulu ukuqalisa i-arc yombane.Izibane eziFluorescent zikwalahlekelwa sisixa esikhulu sokukhanya kwazo okulinganiselweyo kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi komkhenkce, kanti izibane ze-LED zisebenza ngeyona ndlela ingcono kwiindawo ezibandayo—ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50°C.Izibane ze-LED ke ngoko zikulungele ukusetyenziswa kwizikhenkcisi, iifriji, iindawo zokugcina ezibandayo, kunye nosetyenziso lwangaphandle.

18. Impembelelo yokusingqongileyo

Izibane ze-LED zivelisa ngokuphawulekayo iimpembelelo ezingaphantsi kokusingqongileyo kunemithombo yokukhanyisa yemveli.Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kuguqulela ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi.I-LED ayinayo i-mercury kwaye ngaloo ndlela idala iingxaki ezincinci zokusingqongileyo ekupheleni kobomi.Xa kuthelekiswa, ukulahlwa kwe-mercury-containing fluorescent kunye nezibane ze-HID kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo engqongqo yokulahla inkunkuma.