Imakethe yezibani zomhlaba wonke ibe nenguquko enkulu eqhutshwa ukwamukelwa okukhula kakhulu kobuchwepheshe be-light emitting diode (LED).Lokhu kuguquguquka kokukhanya kwesimo esiqinile (SSL) kuguqule ngokuyisisekelo umnotho oyisisekelo wemakethe kanye namandla embonini.Akuzona kuphela izinhlobo ezihlukene zokukhiqiza ezanikwa amandla ubuchwepheshe be-SSL, uguquko olusuka kubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile luye ku. Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED ishintsha kakhulu indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo ngokukhanyisa.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa okuvamile baklanyelwe ngokuyinhloko ukubhekana nezidingo ezibonakalayo.Ngokukhanyiswa kwe-LED, ukukhuthazwa okuhle kwemiphumela yokukhanya kwebhayoloji empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu kudonsela ukunaka okwandayo.Ukufika kobuchwepheshe be-LED kuphinde kwavula indlela yokuhlangana phakathi kokukhanyisa kanye ne- I-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), okuvula izwe elisha lonke lamathuba.Ekuqaleni, kube nokudideka okukhulu mayelana nokukhanyisa kwe-LED.Ukukhula kwezimakethe eziphezulu kanye nentshisekelo enkulu yabathengi kudala isidingo esicindezelayo sokusula ukungabaza okuzungeze ubuchwepheshe kanye nokwazisa umphakathi ngezinzuzo zabo kanye nokubi.

Wenza njanies I-LEDumsebenzi?

I-LED iyiphakheji ye-semiconductor ehlanganisa i-LED die (chip) nezinye izakhi ezihlinzeka ngokusekela ngomshini, uxhumano lukagesi, ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal, ukulawulwa kwe-optical, nokuguqulwa kwe-wavelength.I-chip ye-LED ngokuyisisekelo iyidivayisi ye-pn junction eyakhiwe izendlalelo ze-semiconductor ehlanganisiwe ehlanganiswe ngokuphambene.I-semiconductor eyinhlanganisela esetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile i-gallium nitride (GaN) enegebe lebhande eliqondile elivumela amathuba aphezulu okuhlanganiswa kabusha kwemisebe kunama-semiconductors anegebe lebhande elingaqondile.Lapho i-pn junction ichemile eya phambili, ama-electron asuka ebhendini yokuqhuba yongqimba lwe-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-n ahamba anqamule ungqimba lomngcele aye ku-p-junction futhi aphinde ahlangane nezimbobo ezivela ebhendini ye-valence yongqimba lwe-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-p indawo esebenzayo ye-diode.Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwe-electron-hole kubangela ukuthi ama-electron ehlele esimweni samandla aphansi futhi akhulule amandla amaningi ngendlela yama-photons (amaphakethe okukhanya).Lo mphumela ubizwa ngokuthi i-electroluminescence.I-photon ingathutha imisebe ye-electromagnetic yawo wonke amaza amaza.Ubude obuqondile bamaza okukhanya okukhishwa ku-diode bunqunywa igebe lebhande lamandla lesemiconductor.

Ukukhanya okukhiqizwa nge-electroluminescence ku- I-chip ye-LEDinokusabalalisa kwe-wavelength emincane enomkhawulokudonsa ojwayelekile wamashumi ambalwa ama-nanometers.Ukukhishwa kwe-Narrow-band kubangela ukukhanya kube nombala owodwa njengobomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani.Ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngomthombo wokukhanya okumhlophe kwe-spectrum ebanzi, ububanzi bokusabalalisa amandla e-spectral (SPD) ye-chip ye-LED kufanele bunwetshwe.I-electroluminescence evela ku-chip ye-LED iguqulwa kancane noma ngokuphelele nge-photoluminescence ku-phosphors.Ama-LED amaningi amhlophe ahlanganisa ukukhishwa kwe-wavelength emfushane kusuka kuma-chips aluhlaza we-InGaN kanye nokukhanya kwe-wavelength okude okuphinde kukhishwe kumaphosphor.I-phosphor powder isatshalaliswa ku-silicon, i-epoxy matrix noma amanye ama-resin matrixes.I-phosphor equkethe i-matrix iboshwe ku-chip ye-LED.Ukukhanya okumhlophe kungabuye kukhiqizwe ngokumpompa amaphosphor abomvu, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusetshenziswa i-ultraviolet (UV) noma i-violet LED chip.Kulokhu, umphumela omhlophe ungafinyelela ukunikezwa kombala okuphezulu.Kodwa le ndlela ihlushwa ukusebenza kahle okuphansi ngoba ukuguquka okukhulu kwe-wavelength okuhilelekile ekuguquleni phansi kwe-UV noma ukukhanya kwe-violet kuhambisana nokulahlekelwa kwamandla aphezulu e-Stokes.

Izinzuzo zeUkukhanyisa kwe-LED

Ukusungulwa kwezibani ze-incandescent eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule kwaguqula ukukhanya kokwenziwa.Njengamanje, sibona uguquko lokukhanyisa kwedijithali olunikwe amandla yi-SSL.Ukukhanyisa okusekelwe ku-semiconductor akulethi nje kuphela umklamo ongakaze ubonwe, ukusebenza kanye nezinzuzo zezomnotho, kodwa futhi kunika amandla inqwaba yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha neziphakamiso zenani ngaphambilini ebezicatshangwa ukuthi azinakwenzeka.Inzuzo evela ekuvuneni lezi zinzuzo izodlula kakhulu izindleko zangaphambili zokufaka isistimu ye-LED, okusekhona ukungabaza okuthile ezimakethe.

1. Ukusebenza kahle kwamandla

Esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthuthela ekukhanyeni kwe-LED ukusebenza kahle kwamandla.Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, ukusebenza kahle okukhanyayo kwamaphakeji e-LED amhlophe aguqulwe i-phosphor kuye kwanda kusuka ku-85 lm/W kuya ngaphezu kuka-200 lm/W, okubonisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi kuya ku-optical (PCE) engaphezu kuka-60%, ngesikhathi esijwayelekile sokusebenza. ukuminyana kwe-35 A/cm2.Ngaphandle kwentuthuko ekusebenzeni kahle kwama-LED aluhlaza we-InGaN, ama-phosphors (ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuhambisana kwe-wavelength ekuphenduleni kwamehlo omuntu) kanye nephakheji (ukuhlakazeka kwe-optical/absorption), uMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (DOE) uthi kusene-headroom eyengeziwe ye-PC-LED. ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza nokusebenza okukhanyayo okucishe kube ngu-255 lm/W kufanele kwenzeke iphampu ye-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Ukusebenza kahle kokukhanya okuphezulu akungabazeki ukuthi kuyinzuzo enkulu kakhulu yama-LED kunemithombo yokukhanya evamile—incandescent (kufika ku-20 lm/W), i-halogen (kufika ku-22 lm/W), i-linear fluorescent (65-104 lm/W), i-compact fluorescent (46). -87 lm/W), induction fluorescent (70-90 lm/W), umhwamuko wemercury (60-60 lm/W), umfutho ophezulu wesodium (70-140 lm/W), i-quartz metal halide (64-110 lm/ W), kanye ne-ceramic metal halide (80-120 lm/W).

2. Ukusebenza kahle kokulethwa kwe-Optical

Ngaphandle kwentuthuko ephawulekayo ekusebenzeni komthombo wokukhanya, ikhono lokufinyelela ukusebenza kahle kwe-luminaire optical ngokukhanyisa kwe-LED awaziwa kakhulu kubathengi abajwayelekile kodwa afiswa kakhulu abaklami bokukhanyisa.Ukulethwa ngempumelelo kokukhanya okukhishwa yimithombo yokukhanya kulokho okuhlosiwe kube inselele enkulu yokuklama embonini.Izibani zendabuko ezimise okwe-bulb zikhipha ukukhanya kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.Lokhu kubangela ukugeleza okuningi okukhanyayo okukhiqizwa isibani ukuthi kubambeke ngaphakathi kokukhanya (isb. izibonisi, ama-diffuser), noma ukubaleka ekukhanyeni ngendlela engelona usizo ekusetshenzisweni okuhlosiwe noma ecasulayo nje iso.Izibani ze-HID ezifana ne-metal halide kanye ne-sodium yomfutho ophezulu ngokuvamile zisebenza kahle ngo-60% kuya ku-85% ekuqondiseni ukukhanya okukhiqizwa isibani esiphuma ku-luminaire.Kuvamile ukuthi izibani ezihlehlisiwe nezisetshenziswa ezisebenzisa izibani ze-fluorescent noma ze-halogen zibe nokulahlekelwa kokubona okungu-40-50%.Imvelo yokuqondisa yokukhanyisa kwe-LED ivumela ukulethwa okuphumelelayo kokukhanya, futhi ifomu elihlangene le-LED livumela ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo kokugeleza okukhanyayo kusetshenziswa amalensi ahlanganisiwe.Amasistimu okukhanyisa ama-LED aklanywe kahle angaletha ukusebenza kahle kokubona okukhulu kuno-90%.

3. Ukufana kokukhanyisa

Ukukhanya okufanayo kungenye yezinto eziza kuqala ezindaweni ezizungezile zasendlini nangaphandle/imiklamo yokukhanyisa umgwaqo.Uniformity isilinganiso sobudlelwane bokukhanya endaweni.Ukukhanyisa okuhle kufanele kuqinisekise ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwesigameko se-lumens endaweni yomsebenzi noma endaweni.Umehluko omkhulu wokukhanya obangelwa ukukhanya okungafananga kungaholela ekukhathaleni okubukwayo, kuthinte ukusebenza komsebenzi futhi kuveze nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha njengoba iso lidinga ukujwayela phakathi kwezindawo zokukhanya okuhlukile.Ukushintsha ukusuka endaweni ekhanyiswe ngokugqamile ukuya kokunye kokukhanya okuhluke kakhulu kuzodala ukulahleka kwesikhashana kokubona kahle, okunomthelela omkhulu wokuphepha ezinhlelweni zangaphandle lapho kuhileleke ithrafikhi yemoto.Ezikhungweni ezinkulu zasendlini, ukukhanya okufanayo kunomthelela ekuthokopheleni okubonakalayo okuphezulu, kuvumela ukuguquguquka kwezindawo zemisebenzi futhi kuqede isidingo sokuthutha izibani.Lokhu kungaba yinzuzo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme zezimboni nezohwebo lapho kuhileleke izindleko ezinkulu kanye nokuphazamiseka ekunyakazeni izibani.Izibani ezisebenzisa izibani ze-HID zinokukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu ngaphansi ngqo kwe-luminaire kunezindawo ezikude ne-luminaire.Lokhu kubangela ukufana okungekuhle (isilinganiso esijwayelekile esikhulu/somzuzu 6:1).Abaklami bezibani kufanele bakhulise ukuminyana kwezinto ukuze baqinisekise ukufana kokukhanya kuhlangabezana nemfuneko encane yokuklama.Ngokuphambene, indawo enkulu yokukhanya ekhipha ukukhanya (LES) edalwe kusukela kuhlu lwama-LED anosayizi omncane ikhiqiza ukusatshalaliswa kokukhanya ngokufana okungaphansi kuka-3:1 max/min ratio, okuhumushela ezimweni ezinkulu ezibonakalayo kanye nenombolo encishiswe kakhulu. zokufakwa endaweni yomsebenzi.

4. Ukukhanya okuqondile

Ngenxa yephethini yawo yokukhipha isiqondiso nokuminyana okuphezulu kwe-flux, ama-LED afaneleka ngokwemvelo ekukhanyeni okuqondisayo.I-luminaire eqondisayo igxilisa ukukhanya okukhishwa umthombo ekukhanyeni okuqondile okuhamba ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ukusuka ekukhanyeni kuya endaweni okuqondiswe kuyo.Imisebe yokukhanya egxile kancane isetshenziselwa ukudala isigaba sokubaluleka ngokusebenzisa ukugqama, ukwenza izici ezikhethiwe zivele ngemuva, kanye nokwengeza intshisekelo nokukhanga ngokomzwelo entweni.Izibani eziqondisayo, okuhlanganisa izibani nezibani zesikhukhula, zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokukhanyisa ezigqamile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvelela noma ukugqamisa isici sokuklama.Ukukhanyisa okuqondisayo nakho kusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni lapho kudingeka khona i-beam eqinile ukuze kusize ukufeza imisebenzi edidayo yokubuka noma ukunikeza ukukhanya kwebanga elide.Imikhiqizo enikezela ngale njongo ihlanganisa amathoshi,izibani zokusesha, amabala alandelayo,izibani zokushayela imoto, izibani zenkundla, njll. Isibani se-LED singakwazi ukupakisha isibhakela esanele ekuphumeni kwayo kokukhanya, noma ngabe kungadala i-beam "eqinile" echazwe kahle kakhulu yedrama ephezulu Ama-LED we-COBnoma ukujikijela ugongolo olude kude ngeama-LED amandla aphezulu.

5. Ubunjiniyela be-Spectral

Ubuchwepheshe be-LED bunikeza amandla amasha okulawula ukusabalalisa kwamandla e-spectral omthombo wokukhanya (SPD), okusho ukuthi ukwakheka kokukhanya kungalungiselelwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene.Ukulawulwa kwe-Spectral kuvumela i-spectrum evela emikhiqizweni yokukhanyisa ukuthi yakhelwe ukubandakanya abantu abathile ababonwayo, abaphila ngokomzimba, abangokwengqondo, abathwebuli bezithombe zezitshalo, noma ngisho nezimpendulo ze-semiconductor (okungukuthi, ikhamera ye-HD), noma inhlanganisela yalezo zimpendulo.Ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectral okuphezulu kungafinyelelwa ngokukhuliswa kwamaza obude obufunwayo kanye nokususwa noma ukunciphisa izingxenye ezilimazayo noma ezingadingekile ze-spectrum kuhlelo lokusebenza olunikeziwe.Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanya okumhlophe, i-SPD yama-LED ingalungiselelwa ukwethembeka kombala okunqunyiwe kanyeizinga lokushisa lombala elihlobene (CCT).Ngomklamo onamashaneli amaningi, osebenzisa i-multi-emitter, umbala okhiqizwe ukukhanya kwe-LED ungalawuleka ngokusebenzayo nangokunembile.I-RGB, i-RGBA noma izinhlelo ze-RGBW zokuhlanganisa imibala ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okugcwele zenza amathuba angenamkhawulo wobuhle kubaklami nabadwebi bezakhiwo.Amasistimu amhlophe anamandla asebenzisa ama-LED e-CCT amaningi ukuze anikeze ukufiphala okufudumele okulingisa izici zombala zamalambu e-incandescent uma kufiphalisiwe, noma ukunikeza ukukhanya okumhlophe okufundekayo okuvumela ukulawula okuzimele kwakho kokubili izinga lokushisa lombala nokuqina kokukhanya.Ukukhanyisa okumaphakathi komuntungokusekelwe ku ubuchwepheshe be-LED obucwebezelayo obumhlopheingesinye sezimo ezingemuva kwentuthuko enkulu yakamuva yobuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa.

6. Ukuvula/ukuvala ukushintsha

Ama-LED avela ngokukhanya okugcwele cishe ngokushesha (ngedijithi eyodwa ukuya kumashumi ama-nanoseconds) futhi abe nesikhathi sokuvala emashumini ama-nanoseconds.Ngokuphambene, isikhathi sokufudumala, noma isikhathi isibani esisithathayo ukuze sifinyelele ukukhanya okugcwele, kwamalambu ahlangene efluorescent singahlala imizuzu emi-3.Amalambu e-HID adinga isikhathi sokufudumala imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokunikeza ukukhanya okusebenzisekayo.Ukushaywa okushisayo kukhathaza kakhulu kunokuqaliswa kokuqala kwezibani zensimbi ze-halide ezake zaba ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko obusetshenziswa ukukhanya kwe-high bayfuthi high power floodlightingphakathi izinsiza zezimboni,izinkundla nezinkundla.Ukucisha kukagesi endaweni enokukhanya kwe-metal halide kungase kubeke engcupheni ukuphepha nokuvikeleka ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokushisa eshisayo yamalambu e-metal halide ithatha imizuzu engu-20.Ukuqalisa okusheshayo nokushaya kabusha okushisayo kubolekisa ama-LED endaweni ehlukile ukuze enze imisebenzi eminingi ngempumelelo.Akuzona kuphela izinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezijwayelekile ezizuza kakhulu esikhathini esifushane sokuphendula sama-LED, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile nazo zivuna leli khono.Isibonelo, izibani ze-LED zingase zisebenze ngokuvumelanisa namakhamera wethrafikhi ukuze anikeze ukukhanya okuphakathi kokuthwebula imoto ehambayo.Ama-LED ashintsha ama-millisecond angu-140 kuya kwangu-200 ngokushesha kunamalambu e-incandescent.Inzuzo yesikhathi sokusabela iphakamisa ukuthi amalambu amabhuleki e-LED asebenza kangcono kunamalambu e-incandescent ekuvimbeleni ukungqubuzana kwemithelela yangemuva.Enye inzuzo yama-LED ekusebenzeni kokushintsha umjikelezo wokushintsha.Ukuphila kwama-LED akuthintwa ukushintsha okuvamile.Izishayeli ze-LED ezijwayelekile zezinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanyisa zilinganiselwe imijikelezo yokushintsha engu-50,000, futhi akuvamile ukuthi izishayeli ze-LED ezisebenza kahle zibekezelele imijikelezo yokushintsha engu-100,000, 200,000, noma eyisigidi esisodwa.Ukuphila kwe-LED akuthintwa ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okusheshayo (i-high frequency switching).Lesi sici senza izibani ze-LED zifaneleke kahle ekukhanyeni okuguquguqukayo futhi zisetshenziswe nezilawuli zokukhanyisa njengezinzwa zokuhlala noma zasemini.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucisha/ukucisha okuvamile kungase kunciphise ukuphila kwezibani ze-incandescent, HID, nezibani ze-fluorescent.Le mithombo yokukhanya ngokuvamile inezinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela zemijikelezo yokushintsha empilweni yayo elinganiselwe.

7. Ikhono lokufiphaza

Ikhono lokukhiqiza ukukhanya ngendlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu liboleka ama-LED kahle kakhuluukulawula ukufiphala, kanti amalambu e-fluorescent nawe-HID awaphenduli kahle ekufiphaleni.Amalambu afiphalisayo e-fluorescent adinga ukusetshenziswa kwesekhethi ebizayo, enkulu neyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kugcinwe ukuvuswa kwegesi nezimo zikagesi.Ukufiphaza kwezibani ze-HID kuzoholela ekuphileni okufushane kanye nokwehluleka kwesibani ngaphambi kwesikhathi.I-Metal halide kanye nezibani ze-sodium ezinomfutho ophezulu azikwazi ukufiphala ngaphansi kuka-50% wamandla alinganiselwe.Baphinde baphendule kumasiginali afiphele kancane kakhulu kunama-LED.Ukufiphalisa kwe-LED kungenziwa ngokuncishiswa kwamanje okungaguquki (CCR), okwaziwa kangcono ngokuthi ukufiphala kwe-analog, noma ngokusebenzisa i-pulse width modulation (PWM) ku-LED, i-AKA digital dimming.Ukufiphalisa kwe-analog kulawula idrayivu yamanje egeleza iye kuma-LED.Lesi yisixazululo esisetshenziswa kakhulu sokufiphalisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanyisa okuvamile, nakuba ama-LED angase angasebenzi kahle kumaza aphansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-10%).Ukufiphalisa kwe-PWM kuyashintsha umjikelezo womsebenzi wokuguquguquka kobubanzi bokushaya kwenhliziyo ukuze udale inani eliyisilinganiso ekuphumeni kwalo ebangeni eligcwele ukusuka ku-100% ukuya ku-0%.Ukulawula ukufiphala kwama-LED kuvumela ukuvumelanisa ukukhanya nezidingo zomuntu, ukwandisa ukonga amandla, ukunika amandla ukuhlanganisa imibala nokushuna kwe-CCT, nokwelula impilo ye-LED.

8. Ukulawuleka

Uhlobo lwedijithali lwama-LED lusiza ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwe izinzwa, amaphrosesa, isilawuli, nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kube izinhlelo zokukhanyisa ukuze kusetshenziswe amasu okukhanyisa ahlakaniphile, kusukela ekukhanyeni okuguquguqukayo nokukhanyisa okuguquguqukayo kuye kunoma yikuphi okulethwa yi-IoT ngokulandelayo.Isici esiguqukayo sokukhanya kwe-LED sisukela ekushintsheni kombala olula kuya ekukhanyeni okuyinkimbinkimbi imibukiso kumakhulu noma ezinkulungwaneni zokukhanya ezilawulekayo ngazinye kanye nokuhumusha okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuqukethwe kwevidiyo ukuze kuboniswe ezinhlelweni ze-matrix ye-LED.Ubuchwepheshe be-SSL buyinhliziyo ye-ecosystem enkulu ye izixazululo zokukhanyisa ezixhunyiweokungase kusebenze ukuvuna emini, inzwa yokuhlala, ukulawula isikhathi, ukuhleleka okushumekiwe, kanye namadivayisi axhumeke kunethiwekhi ukuze alawule, enze ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi alungiselele izici ezihlukahlukene zokukhanyisa.Ukuthutha ukulawulwa kwezibani kumanethiwekhi asekelwe ku-IP kuvumela izinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezihlakaniphile, ezithwala izinzwa ukuthi zisebenzisane namanye amadivaysi ngaphakathi. Amanethiwekhi e-IoT.Lokhu kuvula amathuba okudala uhlu olubanzi lwezinsizakalo ezintsha, izinzuzo, ukusebenza, kanye nemifudlana yemali engenayo ethuthukisa inani lezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED.Ukulawulwa kwezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zezintambo kanyeukuxhumana okungenantamboImithethonqubo, okuhlanganisa izimiso zokulawula ukukhanyisa ezifana ne-0-10V, i-DALI, i-DMX512 ne-DMX-RDM, izivumelwano zokwakha ezizenzakalelayo njenge-BACnet, LON, KNX kanye ne-EnOcean, kanye nemithethonqubo esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-mesh ethandwa kakhulu (isb. ZigBee, Z-Wave, I-Bluetooth Mesh, Uchungechunge).

9. Ukuguquguquka komklamo

Usayizi omncane wama-LED uvumela abaklami bendawo ukuthi benze imithombo yokukhanya ibe umumo nosayizi ofanele izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi.Lesi sici esibonakalayo sinikeza abaklami amandla ngenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuveza ifilosofi yabo yokuklama noma ukuqamba ubunikazi bomkhiqizo.Ukuvumelana nezimo okubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa okuqondile kwemithombo yokukhanya kunikeza amathuba okudala imikhiqizo yokukhanyisa ethwala ukuhlanganisa okuphelele phakathi kwefomu nomsebenzi.Izibani ze-LEDkungenziwa acatshangelwe ukuze kufiphazwe imingcele phakathi kwedizayini kanye nobuciko bezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho indawo yokuhlobisa iyalelwa khona.Angase futhi akhelwe ukusekela izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganiswa kwezakhiwo kanye nokuhlanganisa kunoma yikuphi ukwakheka komklamo.Ukukhanyisa kwesimo esiqinile kushayela izitayela ezintsha zemiklamo nakweminye imikhakha.Amathuba esitayela esiyingqayizivele avumela abakhiqizi bezimoto ukuthi baklame izibani zangaphambili nezingemuva ezinikeza izimoto ukubukeka okukhangayo.

10. Ukuqina

I-LED ikhipha ukukhanya kubhlokhi ye-semiconductor—kunokusuka kusibani sengilazi noma ishubhu, njengoba kwenzeka kumalambu we-legacy incandescent, i-halogen, i-fluorescent, ne-HID asebenzisa imicu noma amagesi ukuze akhiqize ukukhanya.Amadivayisi wesimo esiqinile avame ukugxunyekwa ebhodini lesifunda eliphrintiwe eliwumgogodla wensimbi (MCPCB), ukuxhumana okuvamise ukuhlinzekwa ngemikhondo edayisiwe.Azikho ingilazi ezintekenteke, azikho izingxenye ezihambayo, futhi azikho ukuphuka kwemicu, amasistimu okukhanyisa ama-LED amelana kakhulu nokushaqeka, ukudlidliza, nokuguga.Ukuqina kwesimo esiqinile sezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED kunamanani abonakalayo ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene.Ngaphakathi kwendawo yezimboni, kunezindawo lapho izibani zihlushwa ukundindizela okweqile kwemishini emikhulu.Izibani ezifakwe eduze kwemigwaqo nemihubhe kufanele zibekezelele ukudlidliza okuphindaphindiwe okubangelwa izimoto ezinkulu ezidlula ngesivinini esiphezulu.Ukudlidliza kwenza usuku olujwayelekile lokusebenza lwezibani zokusebenza ezifakwe ekwakhiweni, ezimayini nasezimotweni zezolimo, imishini kanye nemishini.Izibani eziphathwayo ezifana namathoshi nezibani zokukhempa ngokuvamile zingaphansi komthelela wamaconsi.Kukhona nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi lapho amalambu aphukile ebeka ingozi kubahlali.Zonke lezi zinselelo zidinga isisombululo sokukhanyisa esimangelengele, okuyilokho kanye ukukhanya kwesimo esiqinile okungakunikeza.

11. Impilo yomkhiqizo

Ukuphila isikhathi eside kugqama njengenye yezinzuzo eziphezulu zokukhanyisa kwe-LED, kodwa izimangalo zempilo ende ezisekelwe kuphela kumethrikhi yokuphila konke kwephakheji ye-LED (umthombo wokukhanya) zingadukisa.Impilo ewusizo yephakeji ye-LED, isibani se-LED, noma i-luminaire ye-LED (izinto ezikhanyayo) kuvame ukukhonjwa njengephuzu ngesikhathi lapho ukuphuma kwe-flux ekhanyayo kwehle kwaba ngu-70% wokukhiphayo kokuqala, noma i-L70.Ngokuvamile, ama-LED (amaphakheji e-LED) anesikhathi sokuphila se-L70 phakathi kwamahora angu-30,000 nangu-100,000 (ku-Ta = 85 °C).Kodwa-ke, izilinganiso ze-LM-80 ezisetshenziselwa ukubikezela impilo ye-L70 yamaphakeji e-LED kusetshenziswa indlela ye-TM-21 zithathwa namaphakeji e-LED asebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezilawulwa kahle (isb endaweni elawulwa izinga lokushisa futhi ahlinzekwa nge-DC engaguquki. shayela yamanje).Ngokuphambene, amasistimu e-LED ezinhlelweni zomhlaba wangempela avame ukuphonselwa inselelo ngokucindezela kukagesi okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-junction, nezimo zemvelo ezinzima.Amasistimu e-LED angase ahlangabezane nokugcinwa kwe-lumen okusheshayo noma ukwehluleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi.Ngenjwayelo,Izibani ze-LED (ama-bulb, amashubhu)babe nokuphila kwe-L70 phakathi kwamahora angu-10,000 no-25,000, izibani ze-LED ezihlanganisiwe (isb. amalambu aphakeme, amalambu asemgwaqweni, amalambu aphansi) ziphila phakathi kwamahora angu-30,000 namahora angu-60,000.Uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo yokukhanyisa yendabuko-incandescent (amahora angu-750-2,000), i-halogen (amahora angu-3,000-4,000), i-compact fluorescent (amahora angu-8,000-10,000), ne-metal halide (amahora angu-7,500-25,000), izinhlelo ze-LED, ikakhulukazi izibani ezihlanganisiwe, ukunikeza impilo yesevisi ende kakhulu.Njengoba izibani ze-LED zidinga cishe ukunakekelwa, izindleko zokunakekela ezincishisiwe kanye nokonga amandla okuphezulu okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwezibani ze-LED phakathi nokuphila kwazo okunwetshiwe kunikeza isisekelo sembuyiselo ephezulu ekutshalweni kwezimali (ROI).

12. Ukuphepha kwe-Photobiological

Ama-LED ayimithombo yokukhanya ephephile ngokwezithombe.Azikhiqizi ukukhishwa kwe-infrared (IR) futhi zikhipha inani elincane lokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) (ngaphansi kuka-5 uW/lm).Amalambu e-incandescent, fluorescent, kanye nensimbi ye-halide aguqula u-73%, 37%, kanye no-17% wamandla asetshenzisiwe abe amandla e-infrared, ngokulandelana.Ziphinde zikhiphe endaweni ye-UV ye-electromagnetic spectrum—incandescent (70-80 uW/lm), i-compact fluorescent (30-100 uW/lm), ne-metal halide (160-700 uW/lm).Ngokuqina okuphezulu ngokwanele, imithombo yokukhanya ekhipha ukukhanya kwe-UV noma i-IR ingase ibe yingozi ye-photobiological esikhumbeni nasemahlweni.Ukuchayeka emisebeni ye-UV kungase kubangele i-cataract (i-clouding ye-lens evamile ecacile) noma i-photokeratitis (ukuvuvukala kwe-cornea).Ukuchayeka isikhathi esifushane emazingeni aphezulu emisebe ye-IR kungabangela ukulimala okushisayo ku-retina yeso.Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kumithamo ephezulu yemisebe ye-infrared kungase kubangele i-cataract ye-glassblower.Ukungakhululeki okushisayo okubangelwa uhlelo lokukhanyisa kwe-incandescent sekuyisikhathi eside kuyisicefe embonini yezokunakekelwa kwempilo njengoba izibani ezijwayelekile zokuhlinza kanye nezibani ze-opharetha zamazinyo zisebenzisa imithombo yokukhanya kwe-incandescent ukukhiqiza ukukhanya ngokuthembeka kombala ophezulu.I-high intensity beam ekhiqizwa yilezi zibani ziletha inani elikhulu lamandla ashisayo angenza iziguli zingakhululeki kakhulu.

Ngokungenakugwenywa, ingxoxo yeukuphepha kwe-photobiologicalkuvame ukugxila engozini yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okubhekise ekulimaleni kwe-photochemical kwe-retina okubangelwa ukuchayeka emisebeni kumaza wamaza ngokuyinhloko phakathi kuka-400 nm no-500 nm.Umbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi ama-LED angase abe maningi amathuba okuba abangele ingozi yokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngoba ama-LED amaningi aguqulelwe yiphosphor amhlophe asebenzisa iphampu ye-LED eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.I-DOE ne-IES ikwenze kwacaca ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-LED ayihlukile kweminye imithombo yokukhanya enokushisa okufanayo kombala ngokuphathelene nobungozi bokukhanya okwesibhakabhaka.Ama-LED aguqulwe nge-phosphor awafaki ingozi enjalo ngisho nangaphansi kwenqubo yokuhlola eqinile.

13. Umphumela womsebe

Ama-LED akhiqiza amandla akhazimulayo kuphela ngaphakathi kwengxenye ebonakalayo ye-spectrum kagesi ukusuka cishe ku-400 nm kuya ku-700 nm.Lesi sici se-spectral sinikeza izibani ze-LED inzuzo ebalulekile yohlelo lokusebenza ngaphezu kwemithombo yokukhanya ekhiqiza amandla akhazimulayo ngaphandle kwe-spectrum yokukhanya ebonakalayo.Imisebe ye-UV kanye ne-IR evela emithonjeni yokukhanya evamile ayigcini nje ngokubeka izingozi ze-photobiological, kodwa futhi iholela ekonakaleni kwezinto ezibonakalayo.Imisebe ye-UV ilimaza kakhulu izinto eziphilayo njengoba amandla e-photon emisebe ebhandeni le-UV spectral ephakeme ngokwanele ukukhiqiza ukuqina kwebhondi kanye nezindlela ze-photooxidation.Umphumela wokuphazamiseka noma ukucekelwa phansi kwechromophor kungaholela ekuwohlokeni kwempahla kanye nokushintsha kombala.Izinhlelo zokusebenza zemnyuziyamu zidinga ukuthi yonke imithombo yokukhanya ekhiqiza i-UV engaphezu kuka-75 uW/lm ihlungwe ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo ongenakulungiseka emsebenzini wobuciko.I-IR ayibangeli uhlobo olufanayo lomonakalo we-photochemical obangelwa imisebe ye-UV kodwa isengaba nomthelela ekulimaleni.Ukwenyusa izinga lokushisa langaphezulu kwento kungase kubangele ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali okusheshayo kanye nezinguquko zomzimba.Imisebe ye-IR ngokuqina okukhulu ingabangela ukuqina kwendawo, ukushintsha umbala nokuqhekeka kwemidwebo, ukuwohloka kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo, ukomiswa kwemifino nezithelo, ukuncibilika kukashokoledi kanye ne-confectionery, njll.

14. Ukuphepha komlilo nokuqhuma

Izingozi zomlilo nezokuveza azilona uphawu lwezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ze-LED njengoba i-LED iguqulela amandla kagesi emisebeni kagesi nge-electroluminescence ngaphakathi kwephakheji ye-semiconductor.Lokhu kuphambene nobuchwepheshe befa obukhiqiza ukukhanya ngokushisisa imicu ye-tungsten noma ngokuthokozisa indawo enegesi.Ukwehluleka noma ukusebenza okungafanele kungase kubangele umlilo noma ukuqhuma.Izibani ze-metal halide zivame kakhulu engozini yokuqhuma ngoba ithubhu ye-quartz arc isebenza ngomfutho ophezulu (520 kuya ku-3,100 kPa) kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu (900 kuya ku-1,100 °C).Ukungaphumeleli kwe-arc tube ye-non-passive okubangelwa ukuphela kwezimo zokuphila zesibani, ngokuhluleka kwe-ballast noma ngokusetshenziswa kwenhlanganisela yesibani ye-ballast engalungile kungase kubangele ukuphuka kwe-bulb yangaphandle yesibani se-metal halide.Izingcezu zequartz ezishisayo zingase zithungele izinto ezivuthayo, izintuli ezivuthayo noma amagesi aqhumayo/umhwamuko.

15. Ukuxhumana kokukhanya okubonakalayo (VLC)

Ama-LED angavulwa futhi acinywe ngesivinini esisheshayo kunalokho esingabonwa iso lomuntu.Leli khono elingabonakali lokuvula/ukuvala livula uhlelo olusha lwemikhiqizo yokukhanyisa.I-LiFi (I-Light Fidelity) ubuchwepheshe buthole ukunakwa okukhulu embonini yezokuxhumana okungenazintambo.Isebenzisa ukulandelana kuka-"VULIWE" kanye "NOKUVALWA" kwama-LED ukuze kudluliselwe idatha.Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bamanje bokuxhumana okungenantambo kusetshenziswa amaza omsakazo (isb, i-Wi-Fi, i-IrDA, ne-Bluetooth), i-LiFi ithembisa umkhawulokudonsa obanzi ngokuphindwe kayinkulungwane kanye nesivinini sokudlulisa esiphezulu kakhulu.I-LiFi ithathwa njengohlelo lokusebenza lwe-IoT olukhangayo ngenxa yokugcwala kokukhanya.Konke ukukhanya kwe-LED kungasetshenziswa njengendawo yokufinyelela yokubona yokuxhumana kwedatha okungenantambo, inqobo nje uma umshayeli wayo ekwazi ukuguqula okuqukethwe kokusakaza kube amasignali edijithali.

16. DC ukukhanya

Ama-LED angama-voltage aphansi, amadivaysi aqhutshwa manje.Lolu hlobo luvumela ukukhanyisa kwe-LED ukuthi kusebenzise amagridi okusabalalisa i-low voltage direct current (DC).Kunentshisekelo esheshayo kumasistimu e-DC microgrid angasebenza ngokuzimela noma ngokuhlangana negridi yokusetshenziswa evamile.Lawa magridi amancane wamandla ahlinzeka ngoxhumano oluthuthukisiwe ngezijeneretha zamandla avuselelekayo (ilanga, umoya, i-fuel cell, njll.).Amandla e-DC atholakala endaweni aqeda isidingo sokuguqulwa kwamandla e-AC-DC ezingeni lemishini okubandakanya ukulahleka kwamandla okukhulu futhi kuyiphuzu elivamile lokwehluleka kumasistimu e-LED anamandla e-AC.Izibani ze-LED ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zithuthukisa ukuzimela kwamabhethri angashajwa noma amasistimu okugcina amandla.Njengoba ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okusekelwe ku-IP kuba nomfutho, Amandla phezu kwe-Ethernet (PoE) avele njengenketho ye-microgrid enamandla aphansi yokuletha amandla kagesi aphansi e-DC ngekhebuli efanayo eletha idatha ye-Ethernet.Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kunezinzuzo ezicacile zokusebenzisa amandla okufakwa kwe-PoE.

17. Ukusebenza kokushisa okubandayo

Ukukhanyisa kwe-LED kuhamba kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo.I-LED iguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla okubona ngomjovo we-electroluminescence eyenziwa isebenze lapho i-semiconductor diode ichemile ngogesi.Le nqubo yokuqalisa ayincike kumazinga okushisa.Izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-ambient lisiza ukuchithwa kokushisa kwemfucuza okukhiqizwa kuma-LED futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuyawakhulula ekwehleni okushisayo (ukuncipha kwamandla okubona emazingeni okushisa aphakeme).Ngokuphambene, ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa elibandayo kuyinselele enkulu kumalambu e-fluorescent.Ukuze uqalise isibani se-fluorescent endaweni ebandayo i-voltage ephezulu iyadingeka ukuqalisa i-arc kagesi.Amalambu e-Fluorescent alahlekelwa inani elikhulu lokukhanya kwawo okulinganiselwe emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kwezingaqhwa, kuyilapho amalambu e-LED esebenza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezibandayo—ngisho nakwehle aze afike ku-50°C.Ngakho-ke izibani ze-LED zifaneleka kahle ukuthi zisetshenziswe kumafriji, amafriji, izindawo zokugcina ezibandayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle.

18. Umthelela wendawo

Izibani ze-LED zikhiqiza imithelela emincane kakhulu kwezemvelo kunemithombo yokukhanyisa evamile.Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kuhumusha ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi.Ama-LED awanayo i-mercury futhi ngaleyo ndlela adala izinkinga ezincane zemvelo ekupheleni kokuphila.Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukulahlwa kwezibani ze-mercury ezine-mercury kanye nezibani ze-HID kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho eqinile yokulahlwa kwemfucuza.